{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:16:36Z","timestamp":1777461396067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic degeneration of articular cartilage and bone in a rabbit model of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis has been hypothesized to occur due to acute stresses that exceed a threshold for injury. In this study, we impacted the rabbit patellofemoral joint at low and high intensities. High-intensity impacts produced degenerative changes in the joint, such as softening of retropatellar cartilage, as measured by indentation, an increase in histopathology of the cartilage, and an increase in thickness of sub-chondral bone underlying the cartilage. Low-intensity impacts did not cause these progressive changes. These data suggest that low-intensity impacts produced acute tissue stresses below the injury threshold, while high-intensity impacts produced stresses that exceeded the threshold for disease pathogenesis. This study begins to identify \u201csafe\u201d and \u201cunsafe\u201d ranges of acute tissue stress, using the rabbit patella, which may have future utility in the design of injury prevention devices for the human.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2834882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T15:37:32Z","timestamp":1203608252000},"page":"704-709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Analysis of Acute Mechanical Insult in an Animal Model of Post-traumatic Osteoarthrosis"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"W. N.","family":"Newberry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthop\u00e6dic Biomechanics Laboratories, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthop\u00e6dic Biomechanics Laboratories, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. D.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Decamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"Haut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthop\u00e6dic Biomechanics Laboratories, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100404342604800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong\n              C. G.\n            , LaiW. M., and MowV. C., 1984, \u201cAn analysis of the unconfined compression of articular cartilage,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 106, pp. 165\u2013173.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138475"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateshian\n              G. A.\n            , LaiW. M., ZhuW. B., and MowV. C., 1994, \u201cAn asymptotic solution for the contact of two biphasic cartilage layers,\u201d J. Biomechanics, Vol. 27, pp. 1347\u20131360.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90044-2"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r3","unstructured":"Atkinson, P., and Haut, R., 1995, \u201cInsult to the human cadaver patellofemoral joint: effects of age on fracture tolerance and occult injury,\u201d Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 952729."},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson\n              T.\n            , HautR. C., and AltieroN. J., 1998, \u201cImpact Induced Fissuring of Articular Cartilage: An Investigation of Failure Criteria,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 120, pp. 181\u2013187.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798300"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulstra\n              S. K.\n            , BuurmanW. A., WalenkampG. H. I. M., and Van Der LindenA. J., 1989, \u201cMetabolic characteristics of in vitro cultured human chondrocytes in relation to the histopathologic grade of osteoarthritis,\u201d Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, Vol. 242, pp. 294\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198905000-00032"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dedrick\n              D. K.\n            , GoldsteinS. A., BrandtK. D., O\u2019ConnorB. L., GouletR. W., and AlbrechtM., 1993, \u201cA Longitudinal Study of Subchondral Plate and Trabecular Bone in Cruciate-Deficient Dogs With Osteoarthritis Followed up for 54 Months,\u201d Arthritis and Rheumatism, Vol. 36, pp. 1460\u20131467.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361019"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donohue\n              M. J.\n            , BussD., OegemaT., and ThompsonR., 1983, \u201cThe Effects of Indirect Blunt Trauma on Adult Canine Articular Cartilage,\u201d The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 65-A(7), pp. 948\u2013957.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365070-00010"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberhardt\n              A. W.\n            , KeerL. M., LewisJ. L., and VithoontienV., 1990, \u201cAn Analytical Model of Joint Contact,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 112, pp. 407\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2891204"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r9","unstructured":"Ewers, B. J., Newberry, W. N., Garcia, J. J., and Haut, R. C., 1998, \u201cAlterations in the Mechanical Properties of Bone Underlying Articular Cartilage in a Traumatized Joint,\u201d Proc. 44th Annual Meeting Orthopaedic Research Society."},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r10","unstructured":"Garcia, J., Newberry, W., Atkinson, P., Haut, R., and Altiero, N., 1997, \u201cComparison of stresses in human and rabbit knees as they pertain to injuries observed during impact experiments,\u201d ASME Bioengineering Conference, pp. 15\u2013316."},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haut\n              R. C.\n            , IdeT. M., and DecampC. E., 1995, \u201cMechanical responses of the rabbit patello-femoral joint to blunt impact,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 117, pp. 402\u2013408.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2794199"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes\n              W. C.\n            , KeerI. M., Herrmann, and MockrosI. E., 1972, \u201cA Mathematical Analysis for Indentation Tests of Articular Cartilage,\u201d J. Biomechanics, Vol. 5, pp. 541\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90010-3"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li\n              X.\n            , HautR., and AltieroN., 1995, \u201cAn analytical model to study blunt impact response of the rabbit P-F joint,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 117, pp. 485\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2794212"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankin\n              H. 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D., 1992, \u201cThe dramatic influence of loading velocity on the compressive response of articular cartilage,\u201d Connective Tissue Research, Vol. 27, pp. 211\u2013224.","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209209006997"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radin\n              E.\n            , ParkerH., PughJ., SteinbergR., PaulI., and RoseR., 1973, \u201cResponse of joints to impact loading\u2014III, relationship between trabecular microfractures and cartilage degeneration,\u201d Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 6, pp. 51\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(73)90037-7"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radin\n              E.\n            , MartinR., BurrD., CatersonB., BoydR., and GoodwinC., 1984, \u201cEffects of mechanical loading on the tissues of the rabbit knee,\u201d Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Vol. 2, pp. 221\u2013234.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100020303"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repo\n              R.\n            , and FinlayJ., 1977, \u201cSurvival of Articular Cartilage After Controlled Impact,\u201d The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 59-A(8), pp. 1068\u20131076.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759080-00012"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silyn-Roberts\n              H.\n            , and BroomN., 1990, \u201cFracture Behavior of Cartilage-on-Bone in Response to Repeated Impact Loading,\u201d Connective Tissue Research, Vol. 24, pp. 143\u2013156.","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209009152430"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson\n              R. C.\n            , OegemaT. R., LewisJ. L., and WallaceL., 1991, \u201cOsteoarthritic changes after acute transarticular load,\u201d The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 73-A(7), pp. 990\u20131001.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173070-00005"},{"key":"2019100404342604800_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu\n              J. Z.\n            , HerzogW., and RonskyJ., 1996, \u201cModeling axi-symmetrical joint contact with biphasic cartilage layers\u2014An asymptotic solution,\u201d J. 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