{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T23:35:56Z","timestamp":1769211356130,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three orthogonal components of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral forces were measured simultaneously for knees with intact cruciate ligaments (nine knees), following anterior cruciate ligament resection (six knees), and subsequent posterior cruciate ligament resection (six knees). The knees were loaded using an experimental protocol that modeled static double-leg squat. The mean compressive tibial force increased with flexion angle. The mean anteroposterior tibial shear force acted posteriorly on the tibia below 50 deg flexion and anteriorly above 55 deg. Mediolateral shear forces were low compared to the other force components and tended to be directed medially on both the patella and tibia. The mean value of the ratio of the resultant tibial force divided by the quadriceps force decreased with increasing flexion angle and was between 0.6 and 0.7 above 70 deg flexion. The mean value of the ratio of the resultant tibiofemoral contact force divided by the resultant patellofemoral contact force decreased with increasing flexion and was between 0.8 and 1.0 above 55 deg flexion. Cruciate ligament resection resulted in no significant changes in the patellar contact forces. Following resection of the anterior cruciate ligament, the tibial anteroposterior shear force was directed anteriorly over all flexion angles tested. Subsequent resection of the posterior cruciate ligament resulted in an approximately 10 percent increase in the quadriceps tendon and tibial compressive force.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2835109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T20:48:52Z","timestamp":1203626932000},"page":"234-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["In Vitro Forces in the Normal and Cruciate-Deficient Knee During Simulated Squatting Motion"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Singerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Berilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Archdeacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Peyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100609424368800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed\n              A. 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M., 1994, \u201cComparison of hip force calculations and measurements in the same patient,\u201d J. Arthroplasty, 9, 45\u201351.","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-5403(94)90136-8"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r9","unstructured":"Carmines\n              D. V.\n            , and MacMahonE. B., 1991, \u201cMeasurement of the center of pressure beneath the tibial plateaus,\u201d Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc., 37, 578578."},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castle\n              T. H.\n            , NoyesF. R., and GroodE. S., 1992, \u201cPosterior tibial subluxation of the posterior cruciate-deficient knee,\u201d Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 284, 193\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199211000-00027"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clement\n              B.\n            , DrouinG., ShorrockG., and GelyP., 1989, \u201cStatistical analysis of knee ligament lengths,\u201d J. 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W., 1992b, \u201cThe influence of joint line location on tibiofemoral forces after total knee arthroplasty,\u201d Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc., 38, 324324."},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirokawa\n              S.\n            \n          , 1991, \u201cThree-dimensional mathematical model analysis of the patellofemoral joint,\u201d J. Biomech., 24, 659\u2013671.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90331-G"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirokawa\n              S.\n            , SolomonowM., LuY., LouZ.-P., and D\u2019AmbrosiaR., 1992, \u201cAnterior-posterior and rotational displacement of the tibia elicited by quadriceps contraction,\u201d Am. J. Sports Medicine, 20, 299\u2013306.","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000311"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huberti\n              H. H.\n            , and HayesW. C., 1984, \u201cPatellofemoral contact pressures. 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W., 1996, \u201cInstrumented implant for measuring tibiofemoral forces,\u201d J. Biomechanics, 29, 667\u2013671.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00124-7"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladin\n              Z.\n            , and WuG., 1991, \u201cCombining position and acceleration measurements for joint force estimation,\u201d J. Biomechanics, 24, 1173\u20131187.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90009-C"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewallen\n              D. G.\n            , RieggerC. L., MyersE. R., and HayesW. C., 1990, \u201cEffects of retinacular release and tibial tubercle clevation in patellofemoral degenerative joint disease,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 8, 856\u2013862.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080611"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis\n              J. L.\n            , LewW. D., and SchmidtJ., 1982, \u201cA note on the application and evaluation of the buckle transducer for knee ligament force measurement,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 104, 125\u2013128.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138325"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo\n              Z. P.\n            , HsuH. C., RandJ. A., AnK. N., 1996, \u201cImportance of soft tissue integrity on biomechanical studies of the patella after TKA,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 118, 130\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2795938"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutz\n              G. E.\n            , PalmitierR. A., AnK. N., and ChaoE. Y. S., 1993, \u201cComparison of tibiofemoral joint forces during open-kinetic-chain and closed-kinetic-chain exercises,\u201d J. Bone Jt. Surg., 75-A, 732\u2013739.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199305000-00014"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r32","unstructured":"Morrison\n              J. B.\n            \n          , 1968, \u201cBioengineering analysis of force actions transmitted by the knee joint,\u201d Bio-Med. Engng., 3, 164\u2013170."},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r33","unstructured":"Morrison\n              J. B.\n            \n          , 1969, \u201cFunction of the knee joint in various activities,\u201d Bio-Med. Engng., 4, 573\u2013580."},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r34","unstructured":"Neter, J., Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M. H., 1985, \u201cInferences in regression analysis,\u201d in: Applied Linear Statistical Models, 2nd ed., pp. 60\u2013108. Irwin, Homewood, IL."},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nisell\n              R.\n            \n          , 1985, \u201cMechanics of the knee. A study of joint and muscle load with clinical applications,\u201d Acta Ortho. 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Engng., 4, 467\u2013474."},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singerman\n              R.\n            , BerillaJ., KotzarG., DalyJ., and DavyD. T., 1994a, \u201cA six-degree-of-freedom transducer for in vitro measurement of patellofemoral contact forces,\u201d J. Biomechanics, 27, 233\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90213-5"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singerman\n              R.\n            , DavyD. T., and GoldbergV. M., 1994b, \u201cEffects of patella alta and patella infera on patellofemoral contact forces,\u201d J. Biomechanics, 27, 1059\u20131065.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90222-4"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singerman\n              R.\n            , BerillaJ., and DavyD. T., 1995, \u201cDirect in vitro determination of the patellofemoral contact force for normal knees,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 117, 8\u201314.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2792275"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomonow\n              M.\n            , BarattaR., ZhouB. H., ShojiH., BoseW., BeckC., and D\u2019AmbrosiaR., 1987, \u201cThe synergistic action of the anterior cruciate ligament and thigh muscles in maintaining joint stability,\u201d Am. J. Sports Med., 15, 207\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500302"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wismans\n              J.\n            , VeldpausF., JanssenJ., HusonA., and StrubenP., 1980, \u201cA three-dimensional mathematical model of the knee-joint,\u201d J. Biomech., 13, 677\u2013685.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90354-1"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi\n              G. T.\n            , and ZajacF. E., 1989, \u201cA planar model of the knee joint to characterize the knee extensor mechanism,\u201d J. Biomech., 22, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90179-6"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuda\n              K.\n            , and SasakiT., 1987a, \u201cMuscle exercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Biomechanics of the simultaneous isometric contraction of the quadriceps and the hamstrings,\u201d Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 220, 266\u2013274.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198707000-00037"},{"key":"2019100609424368800_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuda\n              K.\n            , and SasakiT., 1987b, \u201cExercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The force exerted on the tibia by the separate isometric contractions of the quadriceps or the hamstrings,\u201d Clin. Orthop. Rel. 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