{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:58:15Z","timestamp":1789725495200,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the catapult phase of pilot ejections has been well characterized in terms of human response to compressive forces, the effect of the forces on the human body during the ensuing ejection phases (including windblast and parachute opening shock) has not been thoroughly investigated. Both windblast and parachute opening shock have been shown to induce dynamic tensile forces in the human cervical spine. However, the human tolerance to such loading is not well known. Therefore, the main objective of this research project was to measure human tensile neck failure mechanics to provide data for computational modeling, anthropometric test device development, and improved tensile injury criteria. Twelve human cadaver specimens, including four females and eight males with a mean age of 50.1\u00b19\u2002years, were subjected to dynamic tensile loading through the musculoskeletal neck until failure occurred. Failure load, failure strain, and tensile stiffness were measured and correlated with injury type and location. The mean failure load for the 12 specimens was 3100\u00b1645\u2002N, mean failure strain was 16.7\u00b15.4%, and mean tensile stiffness was 172\u00b154.5\u2002N\/mm. The majority of injuries (8) occurred in the upper cervical spine (Oc-C3), and none took place in the midcervical region (C3\u2013C5). The results of this study assist in filling the existing void in dynamic tensile injury data and will aid in developing improved neck injury prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3078151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T22:56:35Z","timestamp":1240008995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dynamic Tensile Failure Mechanics of the Musculoskeletal Neck Using a Cadaver Model"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Eno M.","family":"Yliniemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Washington, 501 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 102, Seattle, WA 98109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Pellettiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, AFRL\/RHPA, 2800 Q Street, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica J.","family":"Doczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, AFRL\/RHPA, 2800 Q Street, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Nuckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Washington, 501 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 102, Seattle, WA 98109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris E.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, AFRL\/RHPA, 2800 Q Street, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randal P.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Washington, 501 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 102, Seattle, WA 98109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100323383601900_c1","unstructured":"Specker, L. J., and Plaga, J. A., 1996, \u201cThe K-36D Ejection Seat Foreign Comparative Testing (FCT) Program,\u201d Armstrong Lab Wright-Patterson AFB, Report No. AL\/CF-TR-1996\u20130099."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100323383601900_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200109000-00010","article-title":"Unusual Basal Skull Fracture in a Vehicle Equipped With an Air Bag","volume":"22","author":"Bandstra","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0195-7910","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100323383601900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199706000-00029","article-title":"Airbag-Induced Lethal Cervical Trauma","volume":"42","author":"Maxeiner","journal-title":"J. Trauma: Inj., Infect., Crit. Care","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1079-6061","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100323383601900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70099-9","article-title":"Air Bag-Related Fatality in a Short, Forward-Positioned Driver","volume":"28","author":"Perez","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0196-0644","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100323383601900_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200102150-00026","article-title":"Traumatic Atlantoaxial Distraction Injury: A Case Report","volume":"26","author":"Carroll","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100323383601900_c6","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Biomechanics of Spinal Injuries","volume":"11","author":"Sances","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-940X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c7","first-page":"207","article-title":"Strength and Response of the Human Neck","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference","author":"Mertz"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c8","first-page":"85","article-title":"Tensile Properties of the Human Muscular and Ligamentous Cervical Spine","author":"Van Ee"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100323383601900_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(95)00054-2","article-title":"Human Head-Neck Biomechanics Under Axial Tension","volume":"18","author":"Yoganandan","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1350-4533","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c10","first-page":"679","article-title":"Static and Dynamic Comparison of Human Cervical Spinal Ligaments","author":"Butler"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100323383601900_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00053-3","article-title":"The Mechanical Properties of Human Alar and Transverse Ligaments at Slow and Fast Extension Rates","volume":"13","author":"Panjabi","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0268-0033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c12","unstructured":"Schlick, M.\n          , 2002, personal communication."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100323383601900_c13","first-page":"22","article-title":"The CREST Windblast Protection System Design","volume":"17","author":"Maynard","journal-title":"SAFE J.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0191-6319","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c14","first-page":"43","article-title":"Tensile Neck Injury Criterion Development","volume-title":"SAFE Association 38th Annual Symposium","author":"Carter"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c15","unstructured":"Weiss, M. S. L., and Leonard, S., 1986, \u201cGuidelines for Safe Human Experimental Exposure to Impact Acceleration,\u201d Naval Biodynamics Laboratory, Report No. NBDL-86R006."},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c16","unstructured":"Eppinger, R., Sun, E., Kuppa, S., and Saul, R., 2000, \u201cSupplement: Development of Improved Injury Criteria for the Assessment of Advanced Automotive Restraint Systems - II,\u201d No. 208 Final Rule Docket: NHTSA-00-7013, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC."},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c17","unstructured":"Donelson, S. M. G., and Claire, C., 1996, \u201c1995 Matched Anthropometric Database of U.S. Marine Corps Personnel: Summary Statistics,\u201d Geo-Centers Inc., Paper No. DAAK60-90-D-0002."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100323383601900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00037-4","article-title":"Comparative Strengths and Structural Properties of the Upper and Lower Cervical Spine in Flexion and Extension","volume":"35","author":"Nightingale","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100323383601900_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.669","article-title":"Mechanisms of Basilar Skull Fracture","volume":"12","author":"McElhaney","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0897-7151","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c20","unstructured":"1990, \u201cThe Abbreviated Injury Scale,\u201d Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Des Plaines, IL."},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c21","first-page":"135","article-title":"Improved Estimation of Human Neck Tensile Tolerance: Reducing the Range of Reported Tolerance Using Anthropometrically Correct Muscles and Optimized Physiologic Initial Conditions","volume":"47","author":"Chancey","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1532-8546","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100323383601900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679409000909","article-title":"Passive Muscle Tension Augments the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. An In Vivo Study in the Rat","volume":"65","author":"Aune","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-6470","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100323383601900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1115\/1.429621","article-title":"Quantifying Skeletal Muscle Properties in Cadaveric Test Specimens: Effects of Mechanical Loading, Postmortem Time, and Freezer Storage","volume":"122","author":"Van Ee","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-0731","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100323383601900_c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.026","article-title":"Differential Rigor Development in Red and White Muscle Revealed by Simultaneous Measurement of Tension and Stiffness","volume":"140","author":"Kobayashi","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0379-0738","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100323383601900_c25","volume-title":"Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation","author":"Spitz"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100323383601900_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)91128-L","article-title":"Effects of Selected Thermal Variables on the Mechanical Properties of Trabecular Bone","volume":"16","author":"Borchers","journal-title":"Biomaterials","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0142-9612","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100323383601900_c27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200104)55:1<40::AID-JBM60>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Biomechanical Examinations of Cancellous Bone Concerning the Influence of Duration and Temperature of Cryopreservation","volume":"55","author":"Matter","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9304","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100323383601900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90016-3","article-title":"Effects of Postmortem Storage by Freezing on Ligament Tensile Behavior","volume":"19","author":"Woo","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100323383601900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070406","article-title":"The Effect of Cryopreservation on the Biomechanical Behavior of Bovine Articular Cartilage","volume":"7","author":"Kiefer","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100323383601900_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100030305","article-title":"Biomechanical Time-Tolerance of Fresh Cadaveric Human Spine Specimens","volume":"3","author":"Panjabi","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100323383601900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130114","article-title":"Effects of Freeze\/Thaw Conditioning on The Tensile Properties and Failure Mode of Bone-Muscle-Bone Units: A Biomechanical and Histological Study in Dogs","volume":"13","author":"Gottsauner-Wolf","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100323383601900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140522","article-title":"Effects of Postmortem Freezing on Tensile Failure Properties of Rabbit Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Tendon Complex","volume":"14","author":"Leitschuh","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100323383601900_c33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(71)90102-7","article-title":"Structural Changes and Impairment of Function Associated With Freezing and Thawing In Muscle, Nerve, and Leucocytes","volume":"8","author":"Menz","journal-title":"Cryobiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0011-2240","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100323383601900_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.09.021","article-title":"Effect of Displacement Rate on the Tensile Mechanics of Pediatric Cervical Functional Spinal Units","volume":"38","author":"Nuckley","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-6470","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.3078151\/5556281\/051001_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.3078151\/5556281\/051001_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T03:38:47Z","timestamp":1570160327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.3078151\/397622\/Dynamic-Tensile-Failure-Mechanics-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.3078151","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]]},"article-number":"051001"}}