{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:52:20Z","timestamp":1762865540810,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In multi-axis machining of dies and molds with complex sculptured surfaces, numerical control (NC) simulation\/verification is a must for the avoidance of expensive rework and material waste. Despite the fact that NC simulation has been extensively used by industries for many years, efficient, accurate, and reliable view-independent simulation of multi-axis NC machining still remains a difficult challenge. This paper presents the use of adaptive voxel data structure in conjunction with the modeling of a universal cutter for the development of an efficient and reliable multi-axis (typically five-axis) simulation procedure. The octree-based voxel representation of the workpiece saves a significant amount of memory space without sacrificing the simulation accuracy. Rendering of the voxel-based model is view independent and does not suffer from any aliasing effect, due to the real-time triangulation of the boundary surfaces using an extended marching cube algorithm. Implicit algebraic equations are used to model the automatically programed tool geometry, which can represent a universal cutter with high precision. In addition, the proposed method allows users to perform error analysis and gouging detection by comparing the machined surfaces with the original computer-aided design (CAD) model. Illustration of the implementation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is reliable, accurate, and highly efficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3130231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T22:25:47Z","timestamp":1244154347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Efficient NC Simulation for Multi-Axis Solid Machining With a Universal APT Cutter"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hong-Tzong","family":"Yau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Cha-Yi, 621, Taiwan, ROC"}]},{"given":"Lee-Sen","family":"Tsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Cha-Yi, 621, Taiwan, ROC"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Sculptured Surface Machining: Theory and Applications","author":"Choi","key":"2019100512324058400_c1"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100512324058400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6125(95)98870-C","article-title":"Integrated Simulation, Error Assessment, and Tool Path Correction for Five-Axis NC Milling","volume":"14","author":"Huang","journal-title":"J. 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D., 1991, \u201cA Method for NC Tool Path Interference Detection for A Multi-Axis Milling System,\u201d Control of Manufacturing Process, ASME, New York, Vol. 28, pp. 23\u201330."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100512324058400_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(90)90023-6","article-title":"Direct Dimensional NC Verification","volume":"22","author":"Oliver","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0010-4485","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100512324058400_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/38.20331","article-title":"Methods for Detecting Errors in Numerically Controlled Machining of Sculptured Surface","volume":"9","author":"Jerard","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. 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