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Four broad classes of adjuvants are discussed including:\u00a0 thermophysical agents (eutectic forming salts and amino acids), chemotherapuetics, vascular agents and immunomodulators.\u00a0 The key issues of selection, timing, dose and delivery of these adjuvants are then elaborated. Finally, work with a particularly promising vascular adjuvant, TNF-alpha, that shows the ability to destroy all cancer within a cryosurgical iceball is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3156804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,28]],"date-time":"2009-07-28T22:19:36Z","timestamp":1248819576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Adjuvant Approaches to Enhance Cryosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Raghav","family":"Goel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Department of Biomedical Engineering, , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Urologic Surgery, , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Slaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Urologic Surgery, , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Schmidlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic des Grangettes , Chemin des Grangettes 7, Ch\u00eane-Bougeries, Geneva 1224, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Vercellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Department of Medicine, , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Belcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Department of Medicine, , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Bischof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Medical School Department of Urologic Surgery, , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2022081018240913600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01683-7","article-title":"The Cryobiology of Cryosurgical Injury","volume":"60","author":"Hoffmann","journal-title":"Urology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4295","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022081018240913600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2004.30126_1.x","article-title":"Re: Evidence-Based Review of the Use of Cryosurgery in Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Kuflik","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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