{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:21:58Z","timestamp":1759530118902,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Information representation in engineering design is currently dominated by top\u2013down approaches such as taxonomies and ontologies. While top\u2013down approaches provide support for computational reasoning, they are primarily limited due to their static nature, limited scope, and developer-centric focus. Bottom\u2013up approaches, such as folksonomies, are emerging as means to address the limitations of top\u2013down approaches. Folksonomies refer to collaborative classification by users who freely assign tags to design information. They are dynamic in nature, broad in scope, and are user focused. However, they are limited due to the presence of ambiguities and redundancies in the tags used by different people. Considering their complementary nature, the ideal approach is to use both top\u2013down and bottom\u2013up approaches in a synergistic manner. To facilitate this synergy, the goal in this paper is to present techniques for using dynamic folksonomies to extract global characteristics of the structure of design information, and to create hierarchies of tags that can guide the development of structured taxonomies and ontologies. The approach presented in this paper involves using (a) tools such as degree distribution and K-neighborhood connectivity analysis to extract the global characteristics of folksonomies and (b) set-based technique and hierarchical clustering to develop a hierarchy of tags. The approach is illustrated using data from a collective innovation platform that supports collaborative tagging for design information. It is shown that despite the flat nature of the folksonomies insights about the hierarchy in information can be gained. The effects of various parameters on the tag hierarchy are discussed. The approach has potential to be used synergistically with top\u2013down approaches such as ontologies to support the next generation collaborative design platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3617447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]],"date-time":"2011-11-29T23:08:07Z","timestamp":1322608087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Extracting the Structure of Design Information From Collaborative Tagging"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jitesh H.","family":"Panchal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Messer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovationcenter Global Projects, Freudenberg Dichtungs-und Schwingungstechnik GmbH (FDS), Weinheim, Germany 69465"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2019100522201097200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1344238","article-title":"The Role of Knowledge in Next-Generation Product Development Systems","volume":"1","author":"Szykman","journal-title":"ASME J. 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