{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T19:16:09Z","timestamp":1758395769736,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Axial loading of the lower leg during impact events can cause significant fractures of the tibia. The magnitude of lower leg axial loading that occurs during short-duration high-impulse events, such as antivehicular landmine blasts, can lead to life-altering injuries. These events achieve higher forces over shorter durations than car crashes, the current standard used for protective measures. In order to determine appropriate injury limits for the lower limb, a testing apparatus has been designed that can simulate these types of events for testing of anthropomorphic test device (ATD) lower legs as well as cadaveric specimens. Moreover, the design allows for the velocity at which the specimen is struck to be varied independently of the force applied, thus allowing independent investigation into the effect of momentum or energy on fracture strength. Test specimens are supported on a low-friction bearing system, and receive the controlled impulse from a projectile of variable mass that is accelerated using pneumatics. The apparatus includes velocity sensors, a six-degree-of-freedom load cell, and an accelerometer to completely quantify the loading event. The apparatus\u2019 performance was validated against an ATD lower leg. It was able to create impulse events with forces from 0.5 kN to 17.0 kN, and projectile speeds of 2.3\u201313.9 m\/s. Various momenta could be achieved at a constant force level by varying the mass of the projectile, with a maximum difference of 65%, whereas kinetic energy was inherently linked to the impact force. This apparatus will be useful in future studies for determining the appropriateness of currently used injury limits for the lower limb to high-impulse events, as well as for quantifying the relationship between cadaveric fracture response and ATD measurements. This device can also be readily applied to other bones of the body, to create realistic fracture patterns for known injury mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,2]],"date-time":"2009-09-02T14:15:32Z","timestamp":1251900932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Development of an Apparatus to Produce Fractures From Short-Duration High-Impulse Loading With an Application in the Lower Leg"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Cheryl E.","family":"Quenneville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack McBain Biomechanical Testing Laboratory, Thompson Engineering Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian S.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; General Dynamics Land Systems Canada, Engineering Design and Development, London, ON, N5V 2Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia E.","family":"Dunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack McBain Biomechanical Testing Laboratory, Thompson Engineering Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, and Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]]},"reference":[{"author":"Kuppa","key":"2019100511431731000_c1","article-title":"Lower Extremity Injuries and Associated Injury Criteria"},{"key":"2019100511431731000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798290","article-title":"Axial Impact Biomechanics of the Human Foot-Ankle Complex","volume":"119","author":"Yoganandan","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-0731","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100511431731000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1514675","article-title":"The Axial Injury Tolerance of the Human Foot\/Ankle Complex and the Effect of Achilles Tension","volume":"124","author":"Funk","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-0731","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100511431731000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3796-1_5","article-title":"Occupant Lower Leg Injury Assessment in Landmine Detonations Under a Vehicle","volume-title":"Symposium on Biomechanics of Impact: From Fundamental Insights to Applications","author":"van der Horst"},{"key":"2019100511431731000_c5","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., Boynton, M., Begeman, P., Prasad, P., Kuppa, S., Morgan, R. M., and Eppinger, R., 1996, \u201cDynamic Axial Tolerance of the Human Foot-Ankle Complex,\u201d SAE Report No. 962426, pp. 207\u2013218."},{"first-page":"115","article-title":"Loading Rate and Torsional Moments Predict Pilon Fractures for Antipersonnel Blast Mine Loading","author":"Griffin","key":"2019100511431731000_c6"},{"key":"2019100511431731000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200107000-00030","article-title":"Biomechanics of Calcaneal Fractures: A Model for the Motor Vehicle","volume":"388","author":"Seipel","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-921X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100511431731000_c8","unstructured":"NATO, 2007, \u201cTest Methodology for Protection of Vehicle Occupants Against Anti-Vehicular Landmine Effects,\u201d Final Report No. HFM-090."},{"article-title":"Lower Extremity","volume-title":"Blast Injury Symposium","author":"McKay","key":"2019100511431731000_c9"},{"first-page":"299","article-title":"Evaluation of the Complex Lower Leg (CLL) for Its Use in Anti-Vehicular Mine Testing Applications","author":"Manseau","key":"2019100511431731000_c10"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100511431731000_c11","first-page":"8","article-title":"Protection of Lower Limbs Against Floor Impact in Army Vehicles Experiencing Landmine Explosion","volume":"4","author":"Wang","journal-title":"J. Battlefield. Tech","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1440-5113","issn-type":"print"},{"volume-title":"Procedures for Evaluating the Protection Level of Logistic and Light Armoured Vehicles, AEP-55","author":"NATO\/PfP","key":"2019100511431731000_c12"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4000084\/5587398\/014502_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4000084\/5587398\/014502_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T15:43:23Z","timestamp":1570290203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4000084\/456179\/Development-of-an-Apparatus-to-Produce-Fractures"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4000084","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-0731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1528-8951"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]]},"article-number":"014502"}}