{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:06:01Z","timestamp":1771855561871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Distal forearm fracture is one of the most frequently observed osteoporotic fractures, which may occur as a result of low energy falls such as falls from a standing height and may be linked to the osteoporotic nature of the bone, especially in the elderly. In order to prevent the occurrence of radius fractures and their adverse outcomes, understanding the effect of both extrinsic and intrinsic contributors to fracture risk is essential. In this study, a nonlinear fracture mechanics-based finite element model is applied to human radius to assess the influence of extrinsic factors (load orientation and load distribution between scaphoid and lunate) and intrinsic bone properties (age-related changes in fracture properties and bone geometry) on the Colles\u2019 fracture load. Seven three-dimensional finite element models of radius were created, and the fracture loads were determined by using cohesive finite element modeling, which explicitly represented the crack and the fracture process zone behavior. The simulation results showed that the load direction with respect to the longitudinal and dorsal axes of the radius influenced the fracture load. The fracture load increased with larger angles between the resultant load and the dorsal axis, and with smaller angles between the resultant load and longitudinal axis. The fracture load also varied as a function of the load ratio between the lunate and scaphoid, however, not as drastically as with the load orientation. The fracture load decreased as the load ratio (lunate\/scaphoid) increased. Multiple regression analysis showed that the bone geometry and the load orientation are the most important variables that contribute to the prediction of the fracture load. The findings in this study establish a robust computational fracture risk assessment method that combines the effects of intrinsic properties of bone with extrinsic factors associated with a fall, and may be elemental in the identification of high fracture risk individuals as well as in the development of fracture prevention methods including protective falling techniques. The additional information that this study brings to fracture identification and prevention highlights the promise of fracture mechanics-based finite element modeling in fracture risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4001681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T23:13:02Z","timestamp":1280445182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Finite Element Modeling of the Influence of Hand Position and Bone Properties on the Colles\u2019 Fracture Load During a Fall"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Drew","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ani","family":"Ural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2019100411395042000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170076","article-title":"Incidence of Distal Forearm Fracture in British Men and Women","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Neill","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100411395042000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0137-7","article-title":"Risk Factors for Fragility Fracture in Middle Age. A Prospective Population-Based Study of 33,000 Men and Women","volume":"17","author":"Holmberg","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100411395042000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-2031-0","article-title":"Incidence and Cost of Osteoporotic Fractures in France During 2001. A Methodological Approach by the National Hospital Database","volume":"16","author":"Maravic","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100411395042000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.6.605","article-title":"Incidence of Colles\u2019 Fracture in a North American Community","volume":"72","author":"Owen","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100411395042000_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070064","article-title":"Long-Term Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture in Malmo","volume":"11","author":"Kanis","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100411395042000_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00137-7","article-title":"Prediction of Upper Extremity Impact Forces During Falls on the Outstretched Hand","volume":"31","author":"Chiu","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100411395042000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0110-5","article-title":"Accuracy of pQCT for Evaluating the Aged Human Radius: An Ashing, Histomorphometry and Failure Load Investigation","volume":"17","author":"Ashe","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100411395042000_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160517","article-title":"Distal Radius Fractures: Mechanisms of Injury and Strength Prediction by Bone Mineral Assessment","volume":"16","author":"Augat","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411395042000_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1479-z","article-title":"Predicting the Failure Load of the Distal Radius","volume":"14","author":"Muller","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298718","article-title":"Geometric Variables From DXA of the Radius Predict Forearm Fracture Load In Vitro","volume":"52","author":"Myers","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0171-967X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100411395042000_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2007.07.014","article-title":"Asymmetrical Ground Impact of the Hands After a Trip-Induced Fall: Experimental Kinematics and Kinetics","volume":"22","author":"Troy","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0268-0033","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100411395042000_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.05.016","article-title":"Wrist Impact Velocities Are Smaller in Forward Falls Than Backward Falls From Standing","volume":"39","author":"Tan","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411395042000_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00005-6","article-title":"Biomechanics of Fall Arrest Using the Upper Extremity: Age Differences","volume":"18","author":"Kim","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0268-0033","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100411395042000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.01.018","article-title":"Off-Axis Loads Cause Failure of the Distal Radius at Lower Magnitudes Than Axial Loads: A Finite Element Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Troy","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411395042000_c15","first-page":"167","article-title":"Force Transmission Through the Proximal Carpal Row","volume-title":"Advances in the Biomechanics of the Hand and Wrist","author":"Kern"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100411395042000_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00093-J","article-title":"Force and Pressure Transmission Through the Normal Wrist. A Theoretical Two-Dimensional Study in the Posteroanterior Plane","volume":"28","author":"Schuind","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2000.0388","article-title":"Theoretical Stress Analysis in Wrist Joint\u2014Neutral Position and Functional Position","volume":"25","author":"Genda","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. [Br]"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90049-W","article-title":"Effect on Force Transmission Across the Carpus in Procedures Used to Treat Kienbock\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Horii","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. [Am]"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90345-P","article-title":"Distribution of Pressures and Forces on the Wrist After Simulated Intercarpal Fusion and Kienbock\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Short","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. [Am]"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100411395042000_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00736-6","article-title":"Estimation of Distal Radius Failure Load With Micro-Finite Element Analysis Models Based on Three-Dimensional Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Images","volume":"30","author":"Pistoia","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100411395042000_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00062-7","article-title":"Load Transfer Analysis of the Distal Radius From In-Vivo High-Resolution CT-Imaging","volume":"32","author":"Ulrich","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.071108","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis Based on In Vivo HR-pQCT Images of the Distal Radius Is Associated With Wrist Fracture in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"23","author":"Boutroy","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0884-0431","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411395042000_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.029","article-title":"Load Distribution and the Predictive Power of Morphological Indices in the Distal Radius and Tibia by High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography","volume":"41","author":"MacNeil","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100411395042000_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.017","article-title":"Bone Strength at the Distal Radius Can Be Estimated From High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and the Finite Element Method","volume":"42","author":"MacNeil","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100411395042000_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070514","article-title":"Contribution of In Vivo Structural Measurements and Load\/Strength Ratios to the Determination of Forearm Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"22","author":"Melton","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0884-0431","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100411395042000_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.06.003","article-title":"Mechanical Consequences of Different Scenarios for Simulated Bone Atrophy and Recovery in the Distal Radius","volume":"33","author":"Pistoia","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100411395042000_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0945-7","article-title":"Assessment of Trabecular and Cortical Architecture and Mechanical Competence of Bone by High-Resolution Peripheral Computed Tomography: Comparison With Transiliac Bone Biopsy","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0937-941X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100411395042000_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.06.031","article-title":"Regional, Age and Gender Differences in Architectural Measures of Bone Quality and Their Correlation to Bone Mechanical Competence in the Human Radius of an Elderly Population","volume":"45","author":"Mueller","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2839902","article-title":"On Colles\u2019 Fracture: An Experimental Study Involving Structural and Material Testing","volume":"75","author":"Gdela","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-8936","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100411395042000_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2006.06.005","article-title":"On the Assessment of Brittle-Elastic Cortical Bone Fracture in the Distal Radius","volume":"74","author":"Pietruszczak","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7944","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"16","key":"2019100411395042000_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.10.018","article-title":"Cohesive Finite Element Modeling of Age-Related Toughness Loss in Human Cortical Bone","volume":"39","author":"Ural","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100411395042000_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2768377","article-title":"Effects of Intracortical Porosity on Fracture Toughness in Aging Human Bone: A \u03bcCT-Based Cohesive Finite Element Study","volume":"129","author":"Ural","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-0731","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100411395042000_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.07.023","article-title":"Anisotropy of Age-Related Toughness Loss in Human Cortical Bone: A Finite Element Study","volume":"40","author":"Ural","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411395042000_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.10.011","article-title":"Prediction of Colles\u2019 Fracture Load in Human Radius Using Cohesive Finite Element Modeling","volume":"42","author":"Ural","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100411395042000_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(92)90020-3","article-title":"The Relation Between Crack Growth Resistance and Fracture Process Parameters in Elastic-Plastic Solids","volume":"40","author":"Tvergaard","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-5096","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"16","key":"2019100411395042000_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998303034505","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Mixed-Mode Progressive Delamination in Composite Materials","volume":"37","author":"Camanho","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9983","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411395042000_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(20000305)49:3<380::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Fracture Toughness Is Dependent on Bone Location\u2014A Study of the Femoral Neck, Femoral Shaft, and the Tibial Shaft","volume":"49","author":"Brown","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9304","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100411395042000_c38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199308000-00009","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in the Tensile Properties of Cortical Bone. The Relative Importance of Changes in Porosity, Mineralization, and Microstructure","volume":"75","author":"McCalden","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9355","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100411395042000_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(75)90075-5","article-title":"The Elastic and Ultimate Properties of Compact Bone Tissue","volume":"8","author":"Reilly","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411395042000_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00228-7","article-title":"Changes in the Stiffness, Strength, and Toughness of Human Cortical Bone With Age","volume":"22","author":"Zioupos","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100411395042000_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90354-H","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Geometrical Properties and Bone Mineral Contents of the Human Radius and Ulna","volume":"26","author":"Hsu","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100411395042000_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110921","article-title":"Prediction of Fracture Load at Different Skeletal Sites by Geometric Properties of the Cortical Shell","volume":"11","author":"Augat","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0884-0431","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411395042000_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556221","article-title":"Correlations Between Photon Absorption Properties and Failure Load of the Distal Radius In Vitro","volume":"49","author":"Myers","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0171-967X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411395042000_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90045-4","article-title":"Anisotropic Yield Behavior of Bone Under Combined Axial Force and Torque","volume":"18","author":"Cezayirlioglu","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100411395042000_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90029-0","article-title":"A Continuous Wave Technique for the Measurement of the Elastic Properties of Cortical Bone","volume":"17","author":"Ashman","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411395042000_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00621-4","article-title":"Mechanical Strength of the Proximal Femur as Predicted From Geometric and Densitometric Bone Properties at the Lower Limb Versus the Distal Radius","volume":"30","author":"Lochm\u00fcller","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100411395042000_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00034-4","article-title":"Fall-Related Upper Body Injuries in the Older Adult: A Review of the Biomechanical Issues","volume":"36","author":"DeGoede","journal-title":"J. Biomech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9290","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411395042000_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200304000-00005","article-title":"Impact of Bone Density on Distal Radius Fracture Patterns and Comparison Between Five Different Fracture Classifications","volume":"17","author":"Lill","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0890-5339","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4001681\/5771790\/081007_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4001681\/5771790\/081007_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T15:40:00Z","timestamp":1570203600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4001681\/450873\/Finite-Element-Modeling-of-the-Influence-of-Hand"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4001681","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,18]]},"article-number":"081007"}}