{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:23:20Z","timestamp":1790133800671,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When car crash experiments are performed using cadavers or dummies, the active muscles\u2019 reaction on crash situations cannot be observed. The aim of this study is to estimate muscles\u2019 response of the major muscle groups using three-dimensional musculoskeletal model by dynamic simulations of low-speed sled-impact. The three-dimensional musculoskeletal models of eight subjects were developed, including 241 degrees of freedom and 86 muscles. The muscle parameters considering limb lengths and the force-generating properties of the muscles were redefined by optimization to fit for each subject. Kinematic data and external forces measured by motion tracking system and dynamometer were then input as boundary conditions. Through a least-squares optimization algorithm, active muscles\u2019 responses were calculated during inverse dynamic analysis tracking the motion of each subject. Electromyography for major muscles at elbow, knee, and ankle joints was measured to validate each model. For low-speed sled-impact crash, experiment and simulation with optimized and unoptimized muscle parameters were performed at 9.4 m\/h and 10 m\/h and muscle activities were compared among them. The muscle activities with optimized parameters were closer to experimental measurements than the results without optimization. In addition, the extensor muscle activities at knee, ankle, and elbow joint were found considerably at impact time, unlike previous studies using cadaver or dummies. This study demonstrated the need to optimize the muscle parameters to predict impact situation correctly in computational studies using musculoskeletal models. And to improve accuracy of analysis for car crash injury using humanlike dummies, muscle reflex function, major extensor muscles\u2019 response at elbow, knee, and ankle joints, should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4002795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]],"date-time":"2010-10-19T22:02:50Z","timestamp":1287525770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estimation of Muscle Response Using Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Models Before Impact Situation: A Simulation Study"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Tae Soo","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Engineering Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Loan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculographics Division, Motion Analysis Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiwon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehie","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu Seong","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Engineering Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100413531079100_c1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Biomechanics of 4-Point Seat Belt Systems in Farside Impacts","volume":"50","author":"Rouhana","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c2","first-page":"299","article-title":"Whole-Body Kinematic and Dynamic Response of Restrained PMHS in Frontal Sled Tests","volume":"50","author":"Forman","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c3","first-page":"429","article-title":"Development of Numerical Models for Injury Biomechanics Research: A Review of 50 Years of Publications in the Stapp Car Crash Conference","volume":"50","author":"Yang","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c4","first-page":"491","article-title":"Analysis and Evaluation of the Biofidelity of the Human Body Finite Element Model in Lateral Impact Simulations According to ISO-TR9790 Procedures","volume":"50","author":"Ruan","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c5","first-page":"107","article-title":"On the Development of the SIMon Finite Element Head Model","volume":"47","author":"Takhounts","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Biodynamic Response of the Musculoskeletal System to Impact Acceleration","author":"Begeman","DOI":"10.4271\/801312"},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c7","article-title":"Simulation of Muscle Tension in Pre-Impact Bracing","author":"Klopp"},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Dynamic Characteristics of Human Leg Joints","author":"Gordon","DOI":"10.4271\/770924"},{"key":"2019100413531079100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1977.326181","article-title":"Interactive Computer Modeling of the Musculoskeletal System","volume":"BME-24","author":"Williams","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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