{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T19:58:52Z","timestamp":1773604732197,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Radio frequency energy (RFE) thermal chondroplasty has been a widely-utilized method of cartilage debridement in the past. Little is known regarding its effect on tissue mechanics. This study investigated the acute biomechanical effects of bipolar RFE treatment on human chondromalacic cartilage. Articular cartilage specimens were extracted (n\u2009=\u200950) from femoral condyle samples of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Chondromalacia was graded with the Outerbridge classification system. Tissue thicknesses were measured using a needle punch test. Specimens underwent pretreatment load-relaxation testing using a spherical indenter. Bipolar RFE treatment was applied for 45\u2009s and the indentation protocol was repeated. Structural properties were derived from the force-time data. Mechanical properties were derived using a fibril-reinforced biphasic cartilage model. Statistics were performed using repeated measures ANOVA. Cartilage thickness decreased after RFE treatment from a mean of 2.61\u2009mm to 2.20\u2009mm in Grade II, II-III, and III specimens (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 each). Peak force increased after RFE treatment from a mean of 3.91\u2009N to 4.91\u2009N in Grade II and III specimens (P\u2009=\u20090.002 and P\u2009=\u20090.003, respectively). Equilibrium force increased after RFE treatment from a mean of 0.236\u2009N to 0.457\u2009N (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 each grade). Time constant decreased after RFE treatment from a mean of 0.392 to 0.234 (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for each grade). Matrix modulus increased in all specimens following RFE treatment from a mean 259.12\u2009kPa to 523.36\u2009kPa (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 each grade). Collagen fibril modulus decreased in Grade II and II-III specimens from 60.50\u2009MPa to 42.04\u2009MPa (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and P\u2009=\u20090.005, respectively). Tissue permeability decreased in Grade II and III specimens from 2.04 *10\u221215 m4\/Ns to 0.91 *10\u221215 m4\/Ns (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and P\u2009=\u20090.009, respectively). RFE treatment decreased thickness, time constant, fibril modulus, permeability, but increased peak force, equilibrium force, and matrix modulus. While resistance to shear and tension could be compromised due to removal of the superficial layer and decreased fibril modulus, RFE treatment increases matrix modulus and decreases tissue permeability which may restore the load- bearing capacity of the cartilage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,9]],"date-time":"2012-07-09T18:35:51Z","timestamp":1341858951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Acute Effect of Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy Thermal Chondroplasty on Intrinsic Biomechanical Properties and Thickness of Chondromalacic Human Articular Cartilage"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Dutcheshen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Medicine, Medical Office Building, Suite 744, Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health System, 3535 W Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Maerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, 3811 W. Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Rabban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, 3811 W. Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Haut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanics, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith D.","family":"Button","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, Suite 404, Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, 3811 W. 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