{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T05:09:15Z","timestamp":1755925755268,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Laser beams can be used to create optical traps that can hold and transport small particles. Optical trapping has been used in a number of applications ranging from prototyping at the microscale to biological cell manipulation. Successfully using optical tweezers requires predicting optical forces on the particle being trapped and transported. Reasonably accurate theory and computational models exist for predicting optical forces on a single particle in the close vicinity of a Gaussian laser beam. However, in practice the workspace includes multiple particles that are manipulated using individual optical traps. It has been experimentally shown that the presence of a particle can cast a shadow on a nearby particle and hence affect the optical forces acting on it. Computing optical forces in the presence of shadows in real-time is not feasible on CPUs. In this paper, we introduce a ray-tracing-based application optimized for GPUs to calculate forces exerted by the laser beams on microparticle ensembles in an optical tweezers system. When evaluating the force exerted by a laser beam on 32 interacting particles, our GPU-based approach is able to get a 66-fold speed up compared to a single core CPU implementation of traditional Ashkin's approach and a 10-fold speedup over the single core CPU-based implementation of our approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]],"date-time":"2013-04-30T14:02:02Z","timestamp":1367330522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Using GPUs for Realtime Prediction of Optical Forces on Microsphere Ensembles"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sujal","family":"Bista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyandra K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Fellow of ASME Institute for Systems Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 e-mail:\u2002skgupta@umd.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amitabh","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100602021138500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(92)81860-X","article-title":"Forces of a Single-Beam Gradient Laser Trap on a Dielectric Sphere in the Ray Optics Regime","volume":"61","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3130784","article-title":"Generating Simplified Trapping Probability Models From Simulation of Optical Tweezers System","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Information Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100602021138500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.28.000982","article-title":"Indirect Optical Gripping With Triplet Traps","volume":"28","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100602021138500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051302","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3579200","article-title":"Survey on Indirect Optical Manipulation of Cells, Nucleic Acids, and Motor Proteins","volume":"16","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S., Svec, P., Wang, C., Losert, W., and Gupta, S., 2012, \u201cGripper Synthesis for Indirect Manipulation of Cells Using Holographic Optical Tweezers,\u201d IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 2749\u20132754.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2012.6225153"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S., Thakur, A., Wang, C., Svec, P., Losert, W., and Gupta, S. K., 2012, \u201cAutomated Indirect Transport of Biological Cells With Optical Tweezers Using Planar Gripper Formations,\u201d IEEE International Conference on Automatated Scientific Engineering.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoASE.2012.6386430"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, A., Chowdhury, S., Wang, C., Svec, P., Losert, W., and Gupta, S. K., 2012, \u201cAutomated Indirect Optical Micromanipulation of Biological Cells Using Indirect Pushing for Minimizing Photo-Damage,\u201d in Proceedings of the ASME Int. Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. and Comp. Inf. Eng. Conf.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2012-71214"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01935","article-title":"A Revolution in Optical Manipulation","volume":"424","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602021138500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2009.2026056","article-title":"Developing a Stochastic Dynamic Programming Framework for Optical Tweezer-Based Automated Particle Transport Operations","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100602021138500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2012.2200102","article-title":"Real-Time Path Planning for Coordinated Transport of Multiple Particles Using Optical Tweezers","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S., Svec, P., Wang, C., Seale, K., Wikswo, J. P., Losert, W., and Gupta, S. K., 2011, \u201cInvestigation of Automated Cell Manipulation in Optical Tweezers-Assisted Microfluidic Chamber Using Simulations,\u201d in Proceedings of the ASME Int. Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. and Comp. Inf. Eng. Conf.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2011-48005"},{"journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng","article-title":"Automated Cell Transport in Optical Tweezers-Assisted Microfluidic Chambers","year":"2012","key":"2019100602021138500_B12"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S., Thakur, A., Wang, C., Svec, P., Losert, W., and Gupta, S. K., 2013, \u201cAutomated Indirect Manipulation of Irregular Shaped Cells With Optical Tweezers for Studying Collective Cell Migration,\u201d IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Karlsruhe, Germany, May 6\u201310.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6630962"},{"journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Automat. Sci. Eng.","article-title":"Automated Manipulation of Biological Cells Using Gripper Formations Controlled by Optical Tweezers","year":"2013","key":"2019100602021138500_B14"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100602021138500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.11.000288","article-title":"Observation of a Single-Beam Gradient Force Optical Trap for Dielectric Particles","volume":"11","year":"1986","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100602021138500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2010.04.012","article-title":"Real-Time Optical Micro-Manipulation Using Optimized Holograms Generated on the GPU","volume":"181","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011010","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3270248","article-title":"Stochastic Simulations With Graphics Hardware: Characterization of Accuracy and Performance","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Information Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602021138500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005718","article-title":"Speeding Up Particle Trajectory Simulations Under Moving Force Fields Using GPUs","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Information Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"16","key":"2019100602021138500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16702","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.016702","article-title":"Dynamic Ray Tracing for Modeling Optical Cell Manipulation","volume":"18","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.006307","article-title":"Ray-Tracing Methodology: Application of Spatial Analytic Geometry in the Ray-Optic Model of Optical Tweezers","volume":"47","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B21","unstructured":"Harris, M. J., Coombe, G., Scheuermann, T., and Lastra, A., 2002, \u201cPhysically-Based Visual Simulation on Graphics Hardware,\u201d in Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/EUROGRAPHICS Conference on Graphics Hardware, HWWS'02, Eurographics Association, pp. 109\u2013118."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100602021138500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2007.01012.x","article-title":"A Survey of General-Purpose Computation on Graphics Hardware","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"first-page":"220","article-title":"Fast Fluid Dynamics Simulation on the GPU","year":"2005","key":"2019100602021138500_B23"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2019100602021138500_B24","first-page":"444","article-title":"Implementing Lattice Boltzmann Computation on Graphics Hardware","volume":"19","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B25","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, X., and Wu, E., 2004, \u201cReal-Time 3D Fluid Simulation on GPU With Complex Obstacles,\u201d in Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 247\u2013256."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100602021138500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2004.48","article-title":"Lattice-Based Flow Field Modeling","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, E. H., Zhang, Y., Davis, R. L., and Owens, J. D., 2009, \u201cRapid Aerodynamic Performance Prediction on A Cluster of Graphics Processing Units,\u201d AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, No. AIAA 2009-565.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2009-565"},{"first-page":"203","article-title":"Fast GPU Ray Tracing of Dynamic Meshes Using Geometry Images","year":"2006","key":"2019100602021138500_B28"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602021138500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566640","article-title":"Ray Tracing on Programmable Graphics Hardware","volume":"21","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graphics"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1986.276715","article-title":"Arts: Accelerated Ray-Tracing System","volume":"6","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"2019100602021138500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015751","article-title":"Efficient BRDF Importance Sampling Using a Factored Representation","volume":"23","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graphics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100602021138500_B32","first-page":"1217","article-title":"3D-Force Calibration of Optical Tweezers for Mechanical Stimulation of Surfactant-Releasing Lung Cells","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laser Phys."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4023862\/6098906\/jcis_13_3_031002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4023862\/6098906\/jcis_13_3_031002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T00:09:09Z","timestamp":1595722149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4023862\/370280\/Using-GPUs-for-Realtime-Prediction-of-Optical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4023862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1944-7078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"article-number":"031002"}}