{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:21:14Z","timestamp":1792120874239,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study is aimed to develop a high quality, extensively validated finite element (FE) human head model for enhanced head injury prediction and prevention. The geometry of the model was based on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scans of an adult male who has the average height and weight of an American. A feature-based multiblock technique was adopted to develop hexahedral brain meshes including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, corpus callosum, ventricles, and thalamus. Conventional meshing methods were used to create the bridging veins, cerebrospinal fluid, skull, facial bones, flesh, skin, and membranes\u2014including falx, tentorium, pia, arachnoid, and dura. The head model has 270,552 elements in total. Thirty five loading cases were selected from a range of experimental head impacts to check the robustness of the model predictions based on responses including the brain pressure, relative skull-brain motion, skull response, and facial response. The brain pressure was validated against intracranial pressure data reported by Nahum et al. (1977, \u201cIntracranial Pressure Dynamics During Head Impact,\u201d Proc. 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Technical Paper No. 770922) and Trosseille et al. (1992, \u201cDevelopment of a F.E.M. of the Human Head According to a Specific Test Protocol,\u201d Proc. 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Technical Paper No. 922527). The brain motion was validated against brain displacements under sagittal, coronal, and horizontal blunt impacts performed by Hardy et al. (2001, \u201cInvestigation of Head Injury Mechanisms Using Neutral Density Technology and High-Speed Biplanar X-Ray,\u201d Stapp Car Crash Journal, 45, pp. 337\u2013368; and 2007, \u201cA Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact,\u201d Stapp Car Crash Journal, 51, pp. 17\u201380). The facial bone responses were validated under nasal impact (Nyquist et al. 1986, \u201cFacial Impact Tolerance and Response,\u201d Proc. 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Technical Paper No. 861896), zygoma and maxilla impact (Allsop et al. 1988, \u201cFacial Impact Response \u2013 A Comparison of the Hybrid III Dummy and Human Cadaver,\u201d Proc. 32nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Technical Paper No. 881719)]. The skull bones were validated under frontal angled impact, vertical impact, and occipital impact (Yoganandan et al. 1995, \u201cBiomechanics of Skull Fracture,\u201d J Neurotrauma, 12(4), pp. 659\u2013668) and frontal horizontal impact (Hodgson et al. 1970, \u201cFracture Behavior of the Skull Frontal Bone Against Cylindrical Surfaces,\u201d 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE International, Warrendale, PA). The FE head model was further used to study injury mechanisms and tolerances for brain contusion (Nahum et al. 1976, \u201cAn Experimental Model for Closed Head Impact Injury,\u201d 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE International, Warrendale, PA). Studies from 35 loading cases demonstrated that the FE head model could predict head responses which were comparable to experimental measurements in terms of pattern, peak values, or time histories. Furthermore, tissue-level injury tolerances were proposed. A maximum principal strain of 0.42% was adopted for skull cortical layer fracture and maximum principal stress of 20\u2009MPa was used for skull diplo\u00eb layer fracture. Additionally, a plastic strain threshold of 1.2% was used for facial bone fracture. For brain contusion, 277\u2009kPa of brain pressure was calculated from reconstruction of one contusion case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]],"date-time":"2013-07-29T16:31:12Z","timestamp":1375115472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":336,"title":["Development of a Finite Element Human Head Model Partially Validated With Thirty Five Experimental Cases"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Haojie","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:\u2002 Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binhui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan University, No. 1 Lushanna Road Changsha, Hunan 410082, China e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay V.","family":"Genthikatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Makwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandeep","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurdeep","family":"Jandir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:\u2002 Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100315264603700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, C. 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