{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:49:30Z","timestamp":1753879770291,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An accurate axis-finding technique is required to measure any changes from normal caused by total knee arthroplasty in the flexion\u2013extension (F\u2013E) and longitudinal rotation (LR) axes of the tibiofemoral joint. In a previous paper, we computationally determined how best to design and use an instrumented spatial linkage (ISL) to locate the F\u2013E and LR axes such that rotational and translational errors were minimized. However, the ISL was not built and consequently was not calibrated; thus the errors in locating these axes were not quantified on an actual ISL. Moreover, previous methods to calibrate an ISL used calibration devices with accuracies that were either undocumented or insufficient for the device to serve as a gold-standard. Accordingly, the objectives were to (1) construct an ISL using the previously established guidelines,(2) calibrate the ISL using an improved method, and (3) quantify the error in measuring changes in the F\u2013E and LR axes. A 3D printed ISL was constructed and calibrated using a coordinate measuring machine, which served as a gold standard. Validation was performed using a fixture that represented the tibiofemoral joint with an adjustable F\u2013E axis and the errors in measuring changes to the positions and orientations of the F\u2013E and LR axes were quantified. The resulting root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of the calibration residuals using the new calibration method were 0.24, 0.33, and 0.15\u2009mm for the anterior\u2013posterior, medial\u2013lateral, and proximal\u2013distal positions, respectively, and 0.11, 0.10, and 0.09\u2009deg for varus\u2013valgus, flexion\u2013extension, and internal\u2013external orientations, respectively. All RMSEs were below 0.29% of the respective full-scale range. When measuring changes to the F\u2013E or LR axes, each orientation error was below 0.5\u2009deg; when measuring changes in the F\u2013E axis, each position error was below 1.0\u2009mm. The largest position RMSE was when measuring a medial\u2013lateral change in the LR axis (1.2\u2009mm). Despite the large size of the ISL, these calibration residuals were better than those for previously published ISLs, particularly when measuring orientations, indicating that using a more accurate gold standard was beneficial in limiting the calibration residuals. The validation method demonstrated that this ISL is capable of accurately measuring clinically important changes (i.e. 1\u2009mm and 1\u2009deg) in the F\u2013E and LR axes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,25]],"date-time":"2013-09-25T02:50:15Z","timestamp":1380077415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design, Calibration and Validation of a Novel 3D Printed Instrumented Spatial Linkage that Measures Changes in the Rotational Axes of the Tibiofemoral Joint"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Bonny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100315182192200_B1","first-page":"259","article-title":"The Axes of Rotation of the Knee","volume":"290","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"2019100315182192200_B2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Mechanics, Kinematics, and Morphology of the Knee Viewed in Virtual Reality","volume":"87","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100315182192200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023135","article-title":"Optimized Design of an Instrumented Spatial Linkage That Minimizes Errors in Locating the Rotational Axes of the Tibiofemoral Joint: A Computational Analysis","volume":"135","year":"2013","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100315182192200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895432","article-title":"6R Instrumented Spatial Linkages for Anatomical Joint Motion Measurement\u2014Part 2: Calibration","volume":"114","year":"1992","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100315182192200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2003.10.002","article-title":"Calibration and Validation of 6 DOFs Instrumented Spatial Linkage for Biomechanical Applications. A Practical Approach","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100315182192200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90168-8","article-title":"A Technique for the Calibration of Instrumented Spatial Linkages Used for Biomechanical Kinematic Measurements","volume":"14","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100315182192200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3108437","article-title":"Description and Error Evaluation of an In Vitro Knee Joint Testing System","volume":"110","year":"1988","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100315182192200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2486107","article-title":"Design and Demonstration of a New Instrumented Spatial Linkage for Use in a Dynamic Environment: Application to Measurement of Ankle Rotations During Snowboarding","volume":"129","year":"2007","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100315182192200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034505","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2965375","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a New General-Purpose Device for Calibrating Instrumented Spatial Linkages","volume":"131","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"volume-title":"Measurement Systems: Application and Design","year":"1975","key":"2019100315182192200_B10"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100315182192200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.06.021","article-title":"Validation of a Calibration Technique for 6-DOF Instrumented Spatial Linkages","volume":"40","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100315182192200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/027836498800700204","article-title":"Optimal Kinematic Design of 6R Manipulators","volume":"7","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"2019100315182192200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3629602","article-title":"An Iterative Method for the Displacement Analysis of Spatial Mechanisms","volume":"31","year":"1964","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"volume-title":"Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Programming, and Control","year":"1981","key":"2019100315182192200_B14"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100315182192200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4003437","article-title":"Validation of a New Method for Finding the Rotational Axes of the Knee Using Both Marker-Based Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis and 3D Video-Based Motion Analysis for Kinematic Measurements","volume":"133","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100315182192200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1137\/0806023","article-title":"An Interior Trust Region Approach for Nonlinear Minimization Subject to Bounds","volume":"6","year":"1996","journal-title":"SIAM J. Optim."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100315182192200_B17","first-page":"189","article-title":"On the Convergence of Interior-Reflective Newton Methods for Nonlinear Minimization Subject to Bounds","volume":"67","year":"1994","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100315182192200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.2.200","article-title":"On the Estimate of the Two Dominant Axes of the Knee Using an Instrumented Spatial Linkage","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100315182192200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00074-X","article-title":"Registration of 6-DOFs Electrogoniometry and CT Medical Imaging for 3D Joint Modeling","volume":"35","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100315182192200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895455","article-title":"6R Instrumented Spatial Linkages for Anatomical Joint Motion Measurement\u2014Part 1: Design","volume":"114","year":"1992","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100315182192200_B21","first-page":"366","article-title":"The Accuracy of Image-Guided Knee Replacement Based on Computed Tomography","volume":"86","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100315182192200_B22","first-page":"1025","article-title":"The Evaluation of Post-Operative Alignment in Total Knee Replacement Using a CT-Based Navigation System","volume":"90","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100315182192200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2008.07.007","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Analysis of Computed Tomography-Based Navigation System for Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Accuracy of Computed Tomography-Based Navigation System","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"2019100315182192200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199811000-00016","article-title":"The Transepicondylar Axis Approximates the Optimal Flexion Axis of the Knee","volume":"356","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100315182192200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(03)00449-2","article-title":"Tibial Axis and Patellar Position Relative to the Femoral Epicondylar Axis During Squatting","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100315182192200_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90022-X","article-title":"Measurement of the Total Motion Between Two Body Segments\u2014I. Analytical Development","volume":"5","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100315182192200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00055-8","article-title":"Analysis of Helical Axes, Pivot and Envelope in Active Wrist Circumduction","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100315182192200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0160(96)00006-3","article-title":"Comparison of Knee Joint Functional Laxity After Total Knee Replacement with Posterior Cruciate-Retaining and Cruciate-Substituting Prostheses","volume":"2","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Knee"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025528\/6089258\/bio_136_01_011003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025528\/6089258\/bio_136_01_011003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T20:17:21Z","timestamp":1596572241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025528\/370048\/Design-Calibration-and-Validation-of-a-Novel-3D"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4025528","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-0731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1528-8951"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"article-number":"011003"}}