{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:15:49Z","timestamp":1792725349283,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple computational models have been developed to study knee biomechanics. However, the majority of these models are mainly validated against a limited range of loading conditions and\/or do not include sufficient details of the critical anatomical structures within the joint. Due to the multifactorial dynamic nature of knee injuries, anatomic finite element (FE) models validated against multiple factors under a broad range of loading conditions are necessary. This study presents a validated FE model of the lower extremity with an anatomically accurate representation of the knee joint. The model was validated against tibiofemoral kinematics, ligaments strain\/force, and articular cartilage pressure data measured directly from static, quasi-static, and dynamic cadaveric experiments. Strong correlations were observed between model predictions and experimental data (r\u2009&gt;\u20090.8 and p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0005 for all comparisons). FE predictions showed low deviations (root-mean-square (RMS) error) from average experimental data under all modes of static and quasi-static loading, falling within 2.5\u2009deg of tibiofemoral rotation, 1% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) strains, 17\u2009N of ACL load, and 1\u2009mm of tibiofemoral center of pressure. Similarly, the FE model was able to accurately predict tibiofemoral kinematics and ACL and MCL strains during simulated bipedal landings (dynamic loading). In addition to minimal deviation from direct cadaveric measurements, all model predictions fell within 95% confidence intervals of the average experimental data. Agreement between model predictions and experimental data demonstrates the ability of the developed model to predict the kinematics of the human knee joint as well as the complex, nonuniform stress and strain fields that occur in biological soft tissue. Such a model will facilitate the in-depth understanding of a multitude of potential knee injury mechanisms with special emphasis on ACL injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T13:24:15Z","timestamp":1381497855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Finite Element Model of the Knee for Investigation of Injury Mechanisms: Development and Validation"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Kiapour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606 e-mail: kiapour@asme.org"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ata M.","family":"Kiapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 270.2, Boston, MA 02115 e-mail: ata.kiapour@childrens.harvard.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606 e-mail: vikaskaul@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen E.","family":"Quatman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University, 2050 Kenny Road, Suite 3100, Columbus, OH 43210 e-mail: carmen.quatman@osumc.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel C.","family":"Wordeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2050 Kenny Road, Suite 3100, Columbus, OH 43210 e-mail: wordemans@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Hewett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43203"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210"},{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Family Medicine and the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 2050 Kenny Road, Suite 3100, Columbus, OH 43210; e-mail: timothy.hewett@osumc.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine K.","family":"Demetropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Injury Mitigation Systems, Research and Exploratory Development Department, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road Mail Stop: MP2-N143, Laurel, MD 20723 e-mail: constantine.demetropoulos@jhuapl.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endowed Chair and McMaster-Gardner Professor of Orthopaedic Bioengineering, Co-Director of Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Departments of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. 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