{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:34:09Z","timestamp":1761489249922,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Modeling the structure and evolution of products is important from the standpoint of improving quality and maintainability. With the increasing popularity of open-source processes for developing both software and physical systems, there is a need to develop computational models of product evolution in such dynamic product developments scenarios. Existing studies on the evolution of products involve modeling products as networks, taking snapshots of the structure at different time steps, and comparing the structural characteristics. Such approaches are limited because they do not capture the underlying dynamics through which products evolve. In this paper, we take a step toward addressing this gap by presenting a generative network model for product evolution. The generative model is based on different mechanisms though which networks evolve\u2014addition and removal of nodes, addition and removal of links. The model links local network observations to global network structures. It is utilized for modeling and analyzing the evolution of a software product (Drupal) and a physical product (RepRap) developed by open source processes. For the software product, the generated networks are compared with the actual product structures using various network measures including average degree, density, clustering coefficients, average shortest path, propagation cost, clustered cost, and degree distributions. For the physical product, the product evolution is analyzed in terms of the proposed mechanisms. The proposed model has three general applications: longitudinal studies of a product's evolution, cross-sectional studies of evolution of different products, and predictive analyzes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T16:31:34Z","timestamp":1383064294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Generative Network Model for Product Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qize","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenghui","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jitesh H.","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2019100602444794600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.04.011","article-title":"Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the \u201cMirroring\u201d Hypothesis,\u201d","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100602444794600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0552","article-title":"Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B3","first-page":"71","article-title":"The Design Structure System: A Method for Managing the Design of Complex Systems","volume":"78","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/17.946528","article-title":"Applying the Design Structure Matrix to System Decomposition and Integration Problems: A Review and New Directions","volume":"48","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage."},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"2019100602444794600_B5","first-page":"715","article-title":"Dependency Modelling in Complex System Design","volume":"23","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eng. Design"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3184605","article-title":"Agent-based Modeling of Mass Collaborative Product Development Processes","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100602444794600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3563054","article-title":"Modeling the Effect of Product Architecture on Mass Collaborative Processes\u2014An Agent-based Approach","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3615677","article-title":"Analysis of the Structure and Evolution of an Open-Source Community","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"volume-title":"The Success of Open Source","year":"2004","key":"2019100602444794600_B9"},{"issue":"6100","key":"2019100602444794600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228183","article-title":"Building Research Equipment With Free, Open-Source Hardware","volume":"337","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"article-title":"Build a RepRap","year":"2013","author":"RepRap","key":"2019100602444794600_B11"},{"volume-title":"Practical Arduino: Cool Projects for Open Source Hardware","year":"2009","key":"2019100602444794600_B12"},{"article-title":"SourceForge.net: Open Source Software","year":"2009","author":"SourceForge","key":"2019100602444794600_B13"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B14","first-page":".","article-title":"Drupal: Community Plumbing","author":"Drupal","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602444794600_B15","first-page":"7:1","article-title":"Free\/Libre Open-Source Software Development: What we Know and What we do Not Know","volume":"44","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100602444794600_B16","first-page":"599","article-title":"Reference Model for Smooth Growth of Software Systems","volume":"22","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"volume-title":"Program Evolution: Processes of Software Change","year":"1985","key":"2019100602444794600_B17"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldo, M., Herbsleb, J. D., and Carley, K. M., 2008, \u201cSocio-Technical Congruence: A Framework for Assessing the Impact of Technical and Work Dependencies on Software Development Productivity,\u201d Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, ESEM\u201908, ACM, pp. 2\u201311.","DOI":"10.1145\/1414004.1414008"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100602444794600_B19","first-page":"749","article-title":"System Structure Analysis: Clustering With Data Bindings","volume":"11","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602444794600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1109\/32.67595","article-title":"Analyzing Error-Prone System Structure","volume":"17","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602444794600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1145\/279310.279314","article-title":"An Empirical Study of Call Graph Extractors","volume":"7","year":"1998","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gall, H., Hajek, K., and Jazayeri, M., 1998, \u201cDetection of Logical Coupling Based on Product Release History,\u201d Proceedings International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp. 190\u2013198. Available at: http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=853338","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.1998.738508"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100602444794600_B23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does Code Decay? Assessing the Evidence From Change Management Data","volume":"27","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldo, M., Wagstrom, P. A., Herbsleb, J. D., and Carley, K. M., 2006, \u201cIdentification of Coordination Requirements: Implications for the Design of Collaboration and Awareness Tools,\u201d Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW\u201906, ACM, pp. 353\u2013362.","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180929"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godfrey, M., and Tu, Q., 2001, \u201cGrowth, Evolution, and Structural Change in Open Source Software,\u201d Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, IWPSE\u201901, ACM, pp. 103\u2013106.10.1145\/602461.602482","DOI":"10.1145\/602478.602482"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B26","first-page":"20","article-title":"Design Evolution of an Open Source Project Using an Improved Modularity Metric","volume-title":"IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology","year":"2009"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B27","unstructured":"Sosa, M. E., Browning, T., and Mihm, J., 2007, \u201cStudying the Dynamics of the Architecture of Software Products,\u201d ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, No. DETC2007-34761."},{"year":"2008","key":"2019100602444794600_B28","article-title":"The Impact of Component Modularity on Design Evolution: Evidence From the Software Industry"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaMantia, M., Cai, Y., MacCormack, A., and Rusnak, J., 2008, \u201cAnalyzing the Evolution of Large-Scale Software Systems Using Design Structure Matrices and Design Rule Theory: Two Exploratory Cases,\u201d Seventh Working IEEE\/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture, WICSA2008, pp. 83\u201392.","DOI":"10.1109\/WICSA.2008.49"},{"volume-title":"Software Engineering: Theory and Practice","year":"2009","key":"2019100602444794600_B30"},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, S., and Cai, Y., 2007, \u201cAn Evolutionary Approach to Software Modularity Analysis,\u201d Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Assessment of Contemporary Modularization Techniques, ACoM\u201907, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACOM.2007.1"},{"first-page":"199","volume-title":"Evolution of Apache Open Source Software","year":"2009","key":"2019100602444794600_B32"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1145\/567793.567795","article-title":"Two Case Studies of Open Source Software Development: Apache and Mozilla","volume":"11","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"year":"2003","key":"2019100602444794600_B34","article-title":"Hierarchical Small-Worlds in Software Architecture"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B35","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Cathedral and the Bazaar","volume":"12","year":"2001","journal-title":"Knowl., Technol. Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100602444794600_B36","first-page":"33","article-title":"Lessons From Open-source Software Development","volume":"42","year":"1999","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100602444794600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1145\/299157.299165","article-title":"The Linux Edge","volume":"42","year":"1999","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602444794600_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.08.002","article-title":"An Introduction to Exponential Random Graph (p) Models for Social Networks","volume":"29","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Networks"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100602444794600_B39","first-page":"2043","article-title":"Maximum Pseudo Likelihood Estimation in Network Tomography","volume":"31","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602444794600_B40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Markov Chain Monte Carlo Estimation of Exponential Random Graph Models","volume":"3","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Soc. Struct."},{"volume-title":"Network Science: Report from the Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications","year":"2007","key":"2019100602444794600_B41"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2019100602444794600_B42","first-page":"69","article-title":"Scale-Free Characteristics of Random Networks: The Topology of the World-Wide Web","volume":"281","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. A: Statist. Mech. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100602444794600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1080\/00018730110112519","article-title":"Evolution of Networks","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Phys."},{"issue":"21","key":"2019100602444794600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.4629","article-title":"Connectivity of Growing Random Networks","volume":"85","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100602444794600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1145\/964725.633040","article-title":"Network Topology Generators: Degree-Based Versus Structural","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"issue":"5439","key":"2019100602444794600_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509","article-title":"Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks","volume":"286","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602444794600_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.11.3.219.12209","article-title":"The Moderating Effect of Structure on Volatility and Complexity in Software enhancement","volume":"11","year":"2000","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"volume-title":"Open Source Software Development: Future or Fad? Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software","year":"2004","key":"2019100602444794600_B48"},{"article-title":"Generate Documentation From Source Code","year":"2011","author":"Doxygen","key":"2019100602444794600_B49"},{"volume-title":"Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications","year":"1994","key":"2019100602444794600_B50"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100602444794600_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1981.231113","article-title":"Software Structure Metrics Based on Information Flow","volume":"SE-7","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100602444794600_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2771182","article-title":"A Network Approach to Define Modularity of Components in Complex Products","volume":"129","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100602444794600_B53","first-page":"17","article-title":"Supporting Product Architecture Design Using Computational Design Synthesis With Network Structure Constraints","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100602444794600_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450342480","article-title":"The Structure and Function of Complex Networks","volume":"45","year":"2003","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"article-title":"Measuring and Tracking Complexity in Science","volume-title":"Unifying Themes in Complex Systems","year":"2008","key":"2019100602444794600_B55"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100602444794600_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3149847","article-title":"Change Propagation Analysis in Complex Technical Systems","volume":"131","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100602444794600_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122653799","article-title":"Community Structure in Social and Biological Networks","volume":"99","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2019100602444794600_B58","unstructured":"Hyland-Wood, D., Carrington, D., and Kaplan, S., 2005, \u201cScale-Free Nature of Java Software Package, Class and Method Collaboration Graphs,\u201d The 5th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering."},{"year":"2004","key":"2019100602444794600_B59","article-title":"Inter-Package Dependency Networks in Open-Source Software"},{"article-title":"Prusa Mendel Solidworks 2007 Assembly","year":"2013","author":"RepRap","key":"2019100602444794600_B60"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100602444794600_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0289","article-title":"The Misalignment of Product Architecture and Organizational Structure in Complex Product Development","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100602444794600_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-007-0039-5","article-title":"A Structured Approach to Predicting and Managing Technical Interactions in Software Development","volume":"19","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025856\/6099477\/jcise_014_01_011003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025856\/6099477\/jcise_014_01_011003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T18:43:43Z","timestamp":1746038623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025856\/370109\/A-Generative-Network-Model-for-Product-Evolution"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4025856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1944-7078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]]},"article-number":"011003"}}