{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T06:23:43Z","timestamp":1769235823340,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stapedial annular ligament (SAL) is located at the end of human ear ossicular chain and provides a sealed but mobile boundary between the stapes footplate and cochlear fluid. Mechanical properties of the SAL directly affect the acoustic-mechanical transmission of the middle ear and the changes of SAL mechanical properties in diseases (e.g., otosclerosis) may cause severe conductive hearing loss. However, the mechanical properties of SAL have only been reported once in the literature, which were obtained under quasi-static condition (Gan, R. Z., Yang, F., Zhang, X., and Nakmali, D., 2011, \u201cMechanical Properties of Stapedial Annular Ligament,\u201d Med. Eng. Phys., 33, pp. 330\u2013339). Recently, the dynamic properties of human SAL were measured in our lab using dynamic-mechanical analyzer (DMA). The test was conducted at the frequency range from 1 to 40 Hz at three different temperatures: 5\u2009\u00b0C, 25\u2009\u00b0C, and 37\u2009\u00b0C. The frequency\u2013temperature superposition (FTS) principle was applied to extend the testing frequency range to a much higher level. The generalized Maxwell model was employed to describe the constitutive relation of the SAL. The storage shear modulus G\u2032 and the loss shear modulus G\u2033 were obtained from seven specimens. The mean storage shear modulus was 31.7\u2009kPa at 1\u2009Hz and 61.9\u2009kPa at 3760\u2009Hz. The mean loss shear modulus was 1.1\u2009kPa at 1\u2009Hz and 6.5\u2009kPa at 3760\u2009Hz. The dynamic properties of human SAL obtained in this study provide a better description of the damping behavior of soft tissues than the classic Rayleigh type damping, which was widely used in the published ear models. The data reported in this study contribute to ear biomechanics and will improve the accuracy of finite element (FE) model of the human ear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,14]],"date-time":"2014-05-14T16:32:34Z","timestamp":1400085154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Dynamic Properties of Human Stapedial Annular Ligament Measured With Frequency\u2013Temperature Superposition"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Xiangming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and OU Bioengineering Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong Z.","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering Center, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Avenue, Room 200, Norman, OK 73019 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100604183537600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487209138188","article-title":"Morphology of the Stapediovestibular Joint","volume":"73","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2019100604183537600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/000348945606500401","article-title":"The Human Ossicular Ligaments","volume":"65","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ann. 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