{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T04:32:26Z","timestamp":1754109146836,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we propose a technique for facial expression recognition to bridge the semantic gap among the features that can be extracted in a content-based video retrieval system. The paper aims to provide accurate and reliable facial expression recognition of a dominant person in video frames using deterministic binary cellular automata (DBCA). Both geometric and appearance-based features are used. Efficient dimension reduction techniques for face detection and recognition are applied. Using the facial action coding system (FACS), one can code automatically nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into what are called as action units (AUs). By employing two-dimensional deterministic binary cellular automaton systems (2D-DBCA), a scheme is developed to classify the facial expressions representing various emotions to retrieve video scenes\/shots. Extensive experiments on Cohn\u2013Kanade database, Yale database, and large movie videos show the superiority of the proposed method, in comparison with support vector machines (SVMs), hidden Markov models (HMMs), and neural network (NN) classifiers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]],"date-time":"2014-06-20T16:32:36Z","timestamp":1403281956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Facial Expression Analysis for Content-Based Video Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Geetha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Scholar Computer Science Engineering Department, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600109, India e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasumathi","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600109, India e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601455987400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.8.1.09lis","article-title":"Automatic Facial Expression on Facial Interpretation: Where Human-Computer Interaction, AI and Cognitive Science Intersect","volume":"8","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pragmatics Cognit."},{"key":"2019100601455987400_B2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Is There Anybody Out There? 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Intell."},{"key":"2019100601455987400_B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Color Graphs: An Efficient Model for Two Dimensional Cellular Automata Linear Rules","year":"2008","journal-title":"2008 Orissa Mathematical Society Conference"},{"key":"2019100601455987400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.55.601","article-title":"Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata","volume":"55","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"journal-title":"J. Comput. 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