{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:08:25Z","timestamp":1762542505608,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the rapid advance of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in recent years, methods to fully encase objects with multilayer, thick features are still undeveloped. This issue can be overcome by printing layers conformally about an object's natural boundary, as opposed to current methods that utilize planar layering. With this mindset, two methods are derived to generate layers between the boundaries of initial and desired geometric objects in both two and three dimensions. The first method is based on variable offset curves (VOCs) and is applicable to pairs of initial and desired geometric objects that satisfy mild compatibility conditions. In this method, layers are generated by uniformly partitioning each of the normal line segments emanating from the initial object boundary and intersecting the desired object. The second method is based on manipulated solutions to Laplace's equation and is applicable to all geometric objects. Using each method, we present examples of layer generation for several objects of varying convexities. Results are compared, and the respective advantages and limitations of each method are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T16:30:37Z","timestamp":1458232237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Algorithms for Multilayer Conformal Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robot and Protein Kinematics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Kutzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weapons and Systems Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21401 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Chirikjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robot and Protein Kinematics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100603482635500_bib1","article-title":"Providing Rapid Response Solutions for the Fleet Through 3D Printing"},{"year":"2014","key":"2019100603482635500_bib2","article-title":"Navy Warship is Taking 3D Printer to Sea; Don't Expect a Revolution"},{"year":"2015","key":"2019100603482635500_bib3","article-title":"3D Printing in Zero-G Technology Demonstration"},{"article-title":"Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies","year":"2012","author":"ASTM","key":"2019100603482635500_bib4"},{"issue":"34","key":"2019100603482635500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201470235","article-title":"3D Printing: 3D-Printing of Lightweight Cellular Composites","volume":"26","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2019100603482635500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, M., Yu, X., Shemelya, C., Roberson, D., MacDonald, E., Wicker, R., and Hao, X., 2014, \u201cElectromagnetic Materials of Artificially Controlled Properties for 3D Printing Applications,\u201d IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Memphis, TN, July 6\u201311, pp. 227\u2013228.10.1109\/APS.2014.6904445","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2014.6904445"},{"issue":"19","key":"2019100603482635500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305506","article-title":"Bioprinting: 3D Bioprinting of Vascularized, Heterogeneous Cell-Laden Tissue Constructs","volume":"26","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100603482635500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1021\/mz4006556","article-title":"3D Printing Gets a Boost and Opportunities With Polymer Materials","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"volume-title":"Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing","year":"2010","key":"2019100603482635500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1120-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100603482635500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.001167","article-title":"Laser-Lithography on Non-Planar Surfaces","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"20","key":"2019100603482635500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.10.001043","article-title":"Lithographic Fabrication of Large Diffractive Optical Elements on a Concave Lens Surface","volume":"10","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100603482635500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201003734","article-title":"Conformal Printing of Electrically Small Antennas on Three-Dimensional Surfaces","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2019100603482635500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/FIIW.2012.6378343","article-title":"Printing Conformal Electronics on 3D Structures With Aerosol Jet Technology","year":"2012","journal-title":"FIIW"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100603482635500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2014.12.009","article-title":"Conformal Direct-Print Piezoresistive Polymer\/Nanocomposites for Compliant Multi-Layer Tactile Sensors","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100603482635500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.199-200.1984","article-title":"Curved Layer Fused Deposition Modeling in Conductive Polymer Additive Manufacturing","volume":"199","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100603482635500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2011.08.001","article-title":"Modeling and Evaluation of Curved Layer Fused Deposition","volume":"212","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"article-title":"Optimal Motion Planning for Deposition in Layered Manufacturing","volume-title":"ASME","year":"1998","key":"2019100603482635500_bib17"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100603482635500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(85)90249-0","article-title":"Offset Curves in the Plane","volume":"17","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2019100603482635500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8396(90)90023-K","article-title":"Analytic Properties of Plane Offset Curves","volume":"7","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Geom. Des."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2019100603482635500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8396(90)90024-L","article-title":"Algebraic Properties of Plane Offset Curves","volume":"7","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Geom. Des."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100603482635500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(93)90010-L","article-title":"Approximation of Variable-Radius Offset Curves and Its Application to B\u00e9zier Brush-Stroke Design","volume":"25","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"key":"2019100603482635500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly, C. I., and Burns, J. B., 1990, \u201cPath Planning Using Laplace's Equation,\u201d 1990 IEEEInternational Conference on Robots and Automation, Cincinnati, OH, May 13\u201318, pp. 2102\u20132106.10.1109\/ROBOT.1990.126315","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1990.126315"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100603482635500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/70.143352","article-title":"Real-Time Obstacle Avoidance Using Harmonic Potential Functions","volume":"8","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rob. Autom."},{"key":"2019100603482635500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keymeulen, D., and Decuyper, J., 1994, \u201cThe Fluid Dynamics Applied to Mobile Robot Motion: The Stream Field Method,\u201d 1994 IEEEInternational Conference on Robots and Automation, San Diego, CA, May 8\u201313, pp. 378\u2013385.10.1109\/ROBOT.1994.351266","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1994.351266"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100603482635500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2801228","article-title":"Robot Obstacle Avoidance in n-Dimensional Space Using Planar Harmonic Artificial Potential Fields","volume":"119","year":"1997","journal-title":"ASME J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"volume-title":"Conformal Mapping","year":"1952","key":"2019100603482635500_bib26"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100603482635500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1137\/0717021","article-title":"Monotone Piecewise Cubic Interpolation","volume":"17","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIAM J. Numer. Anal."},{"author":"Stratasys","key":"2019100603482635500_bib28","article-title":"Frequently Asked Questions"},{"author":"Stratasys","key":"2019100603482635500_bib29","article-title":"PolyJet Technology"},{"author":"EOS","key":"2019100603482635500_bib30","article-title":"EOS M 280"},{"author":"3DSystems","key":"2019100603482635500_bib31","article-title":"SLA Production 3D Printers"},{"author":"MakerBot","key":"2019100603482635500_bib32","article-title":"MakerBot Replicator Mini"},{"author":"3DSystems","key":"2019100603482635500_bib33","article-title":"Cube"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100603482635500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021015","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029374","article-title":"Manufacturability Feedback and Model Correction for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"137","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4033047\/6101015\/jcise_016_02_021003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4033047\/6101015\/jcise_016_02_021003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T20:44:14Z","timestamp":1748810654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4033047\/474287\/Algorithms-for-Multilayer-Conformal-Additive"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4033047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1944-7078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"article-number":"021003"}}