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We derived material properties from computed tomography (CT) images of a sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched subject using a mesh morphing and mapping algorithm, and used them within the FE model. Compared to walking with no load, the knee JRFs were the most sensitive to load carriage, increasing by as much as 26.2% when carrying a 30% of body weight (BW) load (ankle: 16.4% and hip: 19.0%). Moreover, our model revealed disproportionate increases in internal JRFs with increases in load carriage, suggesting a coordinated adjustment in the musculature functions in the lower extremity. FE results reflected the complex effects of spatially varying material properties distribution and muscular engagement on tibial biomechanics during walking. We observed high stresses on the anterior crest and the medial surface of the tibia at pushoff, whereas high cumulative stress during one walking cycle was more prominent in the medioposterior aspect of the tibia. Our findings reinforce the need to include: (1) physiologically accurate loading conditions when modeling healthy subjects undergoing short-term exercise training and (2) the duration of stress exposure when evaluating stress-fracture injury risk. As a fundamental step toward understanding the instantaneous effect of external loading, our study presents a means to assess the relationship between load carriage and bone biomechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T16:33:15Z","timestamp":1469032395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["An Integrated Musculoskeletal-Finite-Element Model to Evaluate Effects of Load Carriage on the Tibia During Walking"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Silder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6175"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginu","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaques","family":"Reifman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, MCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet","family":"Rakesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2019100602460297700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00170-1","article-title":"An Armed Forces Epidemiological Board Evaluation of Injuries in the Military","volume":"18","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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