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While forensic anthropologists and forensic biomechanists are often called on to testify in these cases, there is little basic science developed in support of their testimony. The following is a review of studies conducted in the above laboratories and supported by the National Institute of Justice to begin an understanding of the mechanics and patterns of pediatric cranial bone fracture. With the lack of human pediatric specimens, the studies utilize an immature porcine model. Because much case evidence involves cranial bone fracture, the studies described below focus on determining input loading based on the resultant bone fracture pattern. The studies involve impact to the parietal bone, the most often fractured cranial bone, and begin with experiments on entrapped heads, progressing to those involving free-falling heads. The studies involve head drops onto different types and shapes of interfaces with variations of impact energy. The studies show linear fractures initiating from sutural boundaries, away from the impact site, for flat surface impacts, in contrast to depressed fractures for more focal impacts. The results have been incorporated into a \u201cFracture Printing Interface (FPI),\u201d using machine learning and pattern recognition algorithms. The interface has been used to help interpret mechanisms of injury in pediatric death cases collected from medical examiner offices. The ultimate aim of this program of study is to develop a \u201cHuman Fracture Printing Interface\u201d that can be used by forensic investigators in determining mechanisms of pediatric cranial bone fracture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T12:32:06Z","timestamp":1471523526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Biomechanical Studies on Patterns of Cranial Bone Fracture Using the Immature Porcine Model"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Haut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Department of Radiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine;"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, A407 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, Department of Radiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine;"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, A-414B East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2019100315463027900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1999.00431.x","article-title":"Paediatric Head Injury: Incidence, Aetiology and Management","volume":"9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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