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However, unlike optical particle image velocimetry (PIV), routine echo images are prone to nonuniform spatiotemporal variations in tracer distribution, making analysis difficult for standard PIV algorithms. This study introduces optimized procedures that integrate image enhancement, PIV, and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to obtain reliable time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) velocity distributions. During initial PIV analysis, multiple results are obtained by varying processing parameters. Optimization involving outlier removal and smoothing is used to select the correct vector. These results are used in a multiparameter PTV procedure. To demonstrate their clinical value, the procedures are implemented to obtain velocity and vorticity distributions over multiple cardiac cycles using images acquired from four left ventricular thrombus (LVT) patients. Phase-averaged data elucidate flow structure evolution over the cycle and are used to calculate penetration depth and strength of left ventricular (LV) vortices, as well as apical velocity induced by them. The present data are consistent with previous time-averaged results for the minimum vortex penetration depth associated with LVT occurrence. However, due to decay and fragmentation of LV vortices, as they migrate away from the mitral annulus, in two cases with high penetration, there is still poor washing near the resolved clot throughout the cycle. Hence, direct examination of entire flow evolution may be useful for assessing risk of LVT relapse before prescribing anticoagulants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T23:14:58Z","timestamp":1515194098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Optimized Time-Resolved Echo Particle Image Velocimetry\u2013 Particle Tracking Velocimetry Measurements Elucidate Blood Flow in Patients With Left Ventricular Thrombus"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Kaushik","family":"Sampath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Latrobe 223, Baltimore, MD 21218 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thura T.","family":"Harfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Latrobe 122, Baltimore, MD 21218 e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2019100317300619700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.01.003","article-title":"Emerging Trends in CV Flow Visualization","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. 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