{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:49:13Z","timestamp":1753879753494,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a numerical model able to control the temperature distribution along a 4340 steel cylinder heat-treated with laser. The numerical model developed using the numerical finite element method (FEM) was based on a study of surface temperature variation and the adjustment of this temperature by a control of the heat treatment laser power. The proposed analytical approach was built gradually by (i) the development of a numerical model of laser heat treatment of the cylindrical workpiece, (ii) an analysis of the results of simulations and experimental tests, (iii) development of a laser power adjustment approach, and (iv) proposal of a laser power control predictor using neural networks. This approach was made possible by highlighting the influence of the fixed (nonvariable) parameters of the laser heat treatment on the case depth and has shown that it is possible by controlling the laser parameters to homogenize the distribution of the maximum temperature reached on the surface for a uniform case depth. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach lead to a reliable and accurate model able to guarantee a uniform surface temperature and a regular case depth for a cylindrical workpiece of a length of 50\u2009mm and with a diameter of between 16 and 22\u2009mm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T21:45:55Z","timestamp":1550871955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Servo-Control Applied to the Parameters of the Laser Hardening Process for a Regular Case Depth of 4340 Steel Cylindrical Specimen"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rachid","family":"Fakir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski, 300, all\u00e9e des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5\u2009L 3A1, Canada e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noureddine","family":"Barka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski, 300, all\u00e9e des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5\u2009L 3A1, Canada e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Brousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski, 300, all\u00e9e des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5\u2009L 3A1, Canada e-mail:"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601225608300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1179\/026708401225001228","article-title":"Laser Transformation Hardening","volume":"18","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100601225608300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7925","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7127925","article-title":"Laser Peening Process Its Impact Materials Properties Comparison Shot Peening Ultrasonic Impact Peening","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.276","article-title":"A Review of the Use of High Power Diode Lasers in Surface Hardening","volume":"155","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100601225608300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2000-NOV-4","article-title":"Post-Heat Treatment Involving Cryogenics May Greatly Extend the Wear Life of Mechanical Components","volume":"122","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compon. Mech. Eng."},{"volume-title":"Principles of Laser Materials Processing","year":"2009","key":"2019100601225608300_bib5"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100601225608300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03338273","article-title":"Laser Heat Treatment: The State of the Art","volume":"35","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Met."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601225608300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-0256(03)00038-7","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis and Simulation of Quenching and Other Heat Treatment Processes a Bibliography (1976\u20132001)","volume":"27","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2019100601225608300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2007.07.054","article-title":"Predictive Modeling of Multi-Track Laser Hardening of AISI 4140 Steel","volume":"480","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601225608300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4236\/jsemat.2015.53014","article-title":"Effects of Laser Hardening Process Parameters on Case Depth of 4340 Steel Cylindrical Specimen\u2014A Statistical Analysis","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surf. Eng. Mater. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2017.12.002","article-title":"Case Study of Laser Hardening Process Applied to 4340 Steel Cylindrical Specimens Using Simulation and Experimental Validation","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100601225608300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.4236\/jamp.2018.610176","article-title":"Numerical Investigation by the Finite Difference Method of the Laser Hardening Process Applied to AISI-4340","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100601225608300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4236\/jsemat.2016.64014","article-title":"A Predictive Modeling Based on Regression and Artificial Neural Network Analysis of Laser Transformation Hardening for Cylindrical Steel Workpieces","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Surf. Eng. Mater. Adv. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100601225608300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-017-0114-4","article-title":"Prediction of the Hardness Profile of an AISI 4340 Steel Cylinder Heat-Treated by Laser-3D and Artificial Neural Networks Modelling and Experimental Validation","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2013.11.057","article-title":"Modeling and Simulation of Quenching and Tempering Process in Steels","volume":"50","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"volume-title":"Metals Handbook","year":"1985","key":"2019100601225608300_bib15"},{"volume-title":"Engineering Properties of Steels","year":"1982","key":"2019100601225608300_bib16"},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib17","volume-title":"Physics for Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics","author":"","year":"1989","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakir, R., Barka, N., and Brousseau, J., 2018, \u201cOptimization of the Case Depth of a Cylinder Made With 4340 Steel by a Control of the Laser Heat Treatment Parameters,\u201d ASME Paper No. DETC2018-85574. 10.1115\/DETC2018-85574","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2018-85574"},{"volume-title":"Multiphysics Modelling with Finite Element Methods","key":"2019100601225608300_bib19"},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib20","first-page":"1907","volume-title":"Conduction of Heat in Solids","year":"1959","edition":"2nd ed."},{"volume-title":"Laser Processing of Engineering Materials: Principles, Procedure and Industrial Application","year":"2005","key":"2019100601225608300_bib21"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601225608300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1179\/030716979803276507","article-title":"Surface Heat Treatment of EnS 8 Steel Using a 2\u2009kW Continuous-Wave CO2 Laser","volume":"6","year":"1979","journal-title":"Met. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100601225608300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/21\/5\/027","article-title":"A Simplified Correlation Between Laser Processing Parameters and Case Depth in Steels","volume":"21","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100601225608300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.33.925","article-title":"Energy Coupling Efficiency in Laser Surface Treatment","volume":"33","year":"1993","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601225608300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2351\/1.1710879","article-title":"Diode Laser Beam Absorption in Laser Transformation Hardening of Low Alloy Steel","volume":"16","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Laser Appl."},{"issue":"22-23","key":"2019100601225608300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.11.067","article-title":"Laser Transformation Hardening of a Tool Steel: Simulation-Based Parameter Optimization and Experimental Results","volume":"200","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"volume-title":"Numerical Methods in Finite Element Analysis","year":"1976","key":"2019100601225608300_bib27"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100601225608300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-018-0120-9","article-title":"Mechanical Properties Analysis of 4340 Steel Specimen Heat Treated in Oven and Quenching in Three Different Fluids","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"volume-title":"A Primer on the Taguchi Method","year":"2010","key":"2019100601225608300_bib29"},{"volume-title":"Engineering Statistics","year":"2009","key":"2019100601225608300_bib30"},{"first-page":"121","volume-title":"Engineering Methods for Robust Product Design: Using Taguchi Methods in Technology and Product Development","year":"1995","key":"2019100601225608300_bib31"},{"volume-title":"Response Surface Methodology","year":"1971","key":"2019100601225608300_bib32"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100601225608300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030","article-title":"An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters","volume":"11","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math."},{"volume-title":"Neural Network Design","year":"1996","key":"2019100601225608300_bib34"},{"key":"2019100601225608300_bib35","article-title":"Deep Learning Toolbox"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4042918\/6391428\/jcise_019_03_031007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4042918\/6391428\/jcise_019_03_031007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T05:23:06Z","timestamp":1570339386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4042918\/726260\/ServoControl-Applied-to-the-Parameters-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4042918","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1944-7078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"article-number":"031007"}}