{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T05:54:10Z","timestamp":1775714050324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The goal of this paper is to explore how different modeling approaches for constructing function structure models and different levels of model completion affect the ability to make inferences (reason) on the resulting information within the respective models. Specifically, the function structure models are used to predict market prices of products, predictions that are then compared based on their accuracy and precision. This work is based on previous studies on understanding how function modeling and the use of topological information from design graphs can be used to predict information with historical training. It was found that forward chaining was the least favorable chaining type irrespective of the level of completion, whereas the backward-chaining models performed relatively better across all completion levels. Given the poor performance of the nucleation models at the highest level of completion, future research must be directed toward understanding and employing the methods yielding the most accuracy. Moreover, the results from this simulation-based study can be used to develop modeling guidelines for designers or students, when constructing function models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T05:29:11Z","timestamp":1552714151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Chaining Method and Level of Completion on Accuracy of Function Structure-Based Market Price Prediction Models"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Amaninder Singh","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiradeep","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0001","volume-title":"Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach","author":"Pahl","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0002","volume-title":"The Mechanical Design Process","author":"Ullman","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0003","volume-title":"Product Design Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development","author":"Otto","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0004","volume-title":"Product Design and Development","author":"Ulrich","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s001639870003","article-title":"Product Evolution: a Reverse Engineering and Redesign Methodology","volume":"10","author":"Otto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060417000476","article-title":"Function in Engineering: Benchmarking Representations and Models","volume":"31","author":"Summers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060417000531","article-title":"Thoughts on Benchmarking of Function Modeling: Why and How","volume":"31","author":"Bohm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060417000294","article-title":"Function Modelling Using the System State Flow Diagram","volume":"31","author":"Yildirim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/S089006041700049X","article-title":"The Integrated Function Modelling Framework and its Relation to Function Structures","volume":"31","author":"Gericke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820701546165","article-title":"Automated Synthesis of Electromechanical Design Configurations From Empirical Analysis of Function to Form Mapping","volume":"20","author":"Kurtoglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060417000488","article-title":"Transforming Functional Models to Critical Chain Models via Expert Knowledge and Automatic Parsing Rules for Design Analogy Identification","volume":"31","author":"Agyemang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0012","article-title":"Concept Generation From the Functional Basis of Design","author":"Bryant","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060409990187","article-title":"Evaluation of the functional basis using an information theoretic approach","volume":"24","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023488","article-title":"Physics-Based Reasoning in Conceptual Design Using a Formal Representation of Function Structure Graphs","volume":"13","author":"Sen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0015","first-page":"26","article-title":"Design Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Design","volume":"11","author":"Gero","year":"1990","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0016","first-page":"213","volume-title":"About: Designing. Analysing Design Meetings","author":"Kan","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/64.585103","article-title":"Functional Reasoning in Design","volume":"12","author":"Umeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2003.10.010","article-title":"The Situated Function\u2013Behaviour\u2013Structure Framework","volume":"25","author":"Gero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Des. Stud."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0019","article-title":"Analysis of Design Processes by Function, Behavior and Structure","author":"Takeda","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060400001621","article-title":"Supporting Conceptual Design Based on the Function-Behavior-State Modeler","volume":"10","author":"Umeda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2004.09.003","article-title":"Use of Design Patterns in Analogy-Based Design","volume":"18","author":"Goel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0022","first-page":"113","article-title":"Discovery of Physical Principles From Design Experiences","volume":"8","author":"Bhatta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0023","article-title":"Support of System Analyses and Improvement in Industrial Design Through the Contact & Channel Model","author":"Albers","year":"2008"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2011.603297","article-title":"Different Notions of Function: Results From an Experiment on the Analysis of an Existing Product","volume":"22","author":"Eckert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0025","volume-title":"Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design","author":"Albers","year":"2004"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0026","article-title":"Approaches for the Synthesis of Technical Systems Within the Contact and Channel Model C&CM","author":"Albers","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2001\/CIE-21243","article-title":"Comparative Study of Representation Structures for Modeling Function and Behavior of Mechanical Devices","author":"Summers","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2004-57514","article-title":"Representation in Engineering Design: A Framework for Classification","author":"Summers","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3462918","article-title":"Topological Information Content and Expressiveness of Function Models in Mechanical Design","volume":"10","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2011-47481","article-title":"Complexity as a Surrogate Mapping Between Function Models and Market Value","author":"Mathieson","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2016-59664","article-title":"Evaluating the Use of Artificial Neural Networks, Graph Theory, and Complexity Theory to Predict Automotive Assembly Defects","author":"Patel","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9112-0_14","volume-title":"Design Computing and Cognition\u201912","author":"Sen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44989-0_19","volume-title":"Design Computing and Cognition \u201816","author":"Thiagarajan","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51102","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029585","article-title":"Improving Students\u2019 Functional Modeling Skills: A Modeling Approach and a Scoring Rubric","volume":"137","author":"Nagel","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0035","article-title":"Function Modeling: A Study of Model Sequential Completion Based on Count and Chaining of Functions","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Des. Eng. Conf. Comput. Eng. Conf."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0819-1_2","volume-title":"Advances in Soft Computing","author":"Szykman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-001-0008-3","article-title":"A Functional Basis for Engineering Design: Reconciling and Evolving Previous Efforts","volume":"13","author":"Hirtz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4006442","article-title":"The effects of language and pruning on function structure interpretability","volume":"134","author":"Caldwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2011.615302","article-title":"A User Study of Interpretability of Engineering Design Representations","volume":"23","author":"Hannah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060410000442","article-title":"An Empirical Study of the Expressiveness of the Functional Basis","volume":"25","author":"Caldwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060417000531","article-title":"Thoughts on benchmarking of function modeling: Why and how","volume":"31","author":"Bohm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artificial Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0042","article-title":"Function in Engineering: Benchmarking Representations and Models","author":"Summers","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2826962","article-title":"Representation of Design Object Based on the Functional Evolution Process Model","volume":"120","author":"Shimomura","year":"1998","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0044","first-page":"667","volume-title":"Design Computing and Cognition\u201916","author":"Mohinder","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.029","article-title":"Accuracy and Precision Analysis of the Graph Complexity Connectivity Method","volume":"44","author":"Sridhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2016-59662","article-title":"Impact of Level of Detail and Information Content on Accuracy of Function Structure-Based Market Price Prediction Models","author":"Gill","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2010-28561","article-title":"Complexity Metrics for Directional Node-Link System Representations: Theory and Applications","author":"Mathieson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000759","article-title":"Mechanical Engineering Design Complexity Metrics: Size, Coupling, and Solvability","volume":"132","author":"Summers","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"2019090322091431000_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30817-8_76","volume-title":"Smart Product Engineering","author":"Namouz","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4043210\/4523747\/jcise-18-1081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4043210\/5202866\/jcise_19_4_041018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T15:30:49Z","timestamp":1694705449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4043210\/726394\/Impact-of-Chaining-Method-and-Level-of-Completion"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4043210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"article-number":"041018"}}