{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:17:35Z","timestamp":1779293855579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently available knee joint kinematic tracking systems fail to nondestructively capture the subtle variation in joint and soft tissue kinematics that occur in native, injured, and reconstructed joint states. Microcomputed tomography (CT) imaging has the potential as a noninvasive, high-resolution kinematic tracking system, but no dynamic simulators exist to take advantage of this. The purpose of this work was to develop and assess a novel micro-CT compatible knee joint simulator to quantify the knee joint's kinematic and kinetic response to clinically (e.g., pivot shift test) and functionally (e.g., gait) relevant loading. The simulator applies closed-loop, load control over four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) (internal\/external rotation, varus\/valgus rotation, anterior\/posterior translation, and compression\/distraction), and static control over a fifth degree-of-freedom (flexion\/extension). Simulator accuracy (e.g., load error) and repeatability (e.g., coefficient of variation) were assessed with a cylindrical rubber tubing structure and a human cadaveric knee joint by applying clinically and functionally relevant loads along all active axes. Micro-CT images acquired of the joint at a loaded state were then used to calculate joint kinematics. The simulator loaded both the rubber tubing and the cadaveric specimen to within 0.1% of the load target, with an intertrial coefficient of variation below 0.1% for all clinically relevant loading protocols. The resultant kinematics calculated from the acquired images agreed with previously published values, and produced errors of 1.66\u2009mm, 0.90\u2009mm, 4.41\u2009deg, and 1.60\u2009deg with respect to anterior translation, compression, internal rotation, and valgus rotation, respectively. All images were free of artifacts and showed knee joint displacements in response to clinically and functionally loading with isotropic CT image voxel spacing of 0.15\u2009mm. The results of this study demonstrate that the joint-motion simulator is capable of applying accurate, clinically and functionally relevant loads to cadaveric knee joints, concurrent with micro-CT imaging. Nondestructive tracking of bony landmarks allows for the precise calculation of joint kinematics with less error than traditional optical tracking systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T18:33:48Z","timestamp":1557858828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development and Assessment of a Microcomputed Tomography Compatible Five Degrees-of-Freedom Knee Joint Motion Simulator"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Blokker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan M.","family":"Getgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Fowler Kennedy Sports Medicine Clinic, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Curiale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hristo N.","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin G.","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Holdsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Burkhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mechanical Engineering, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University,  1151 Richmond Road, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100602020566600_bib1","article-title":"National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 1998\u20132017 on NEISS Online Database, released April, 2018","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100602020566600_bib2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction: How, When and Why? 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