{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:44:02Z","timestamp":1753879442468,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-18-1-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N66001-17-1-4064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N66001-17-1-4064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Grammar-based design is typically a gradual process; incremental design changes are performed until a problem statement has been satisfied. While they offer an effective means for searching a design space, standard grammars risk being computationally costly because of the iteration required, and the larger a given grammar the broader the search required. This paper proposes a two-tiered design grammar that enhances the computational design generation with generalized heuristics to provide a way to more efficiently search a design space. Specifically, this two-tiered grammar captures a combination of heuristic-based strategic actions (often observed in human designers) and smaller-scale modifications (common in traditional grammars). Rules in the higher tier are abstract and applicable across multiple design domains. Through associated guiding heuristics, these macrorules are translated down into a sequence of domain-specific, lower-tier microrules. This grammar is evaluated through an implementation within an agent-based simulated annealing team algorithm in which agents iteratively select actions from either the higher tier or the lower tier. This algorithm is used in two applications: truss generation, which is commonly used for testing engineering design methods, and wave energy converter design generation, which is currently a relevant research area in sustainable energy production. Comparisons are made between designs generated using only lower-tier rules and those generated using only higher-tier rules. Further tests demonstrate the efficacy of applying a combination of both lower-tier and higher-tier rules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T16:16:58Z","timestamp":1567786618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Heuristic-Guided Solution Search Through a Two-Tiered Design Grammar"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Puentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"McComb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020102120051286900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2011.01.003","article-title":"Creativity Through Design Heuristics: A Case Study of Expert Product Design","volume":"32","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Des. 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