{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1780377106901,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with low back pain (LBP) and accompanied by mechanical changes to the spine. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a protein that contributes to the functioning and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. SPARC-null mice display accelerated IVD degeneration and pain-associated behaviors. This study examined if SPARC-null mice also display altered spine mechanics as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Lumbar spines from SPARC-null (n\u2009=\u200936) and WT (n\u2009=\u200918) mice aged 14\u201325\u2009months were subjected to cyclic axial tension and compression to determine neutral zone (NZ) length and stiffness. Three separate mechanical tests were completed for each spine to determine the effect of the number of IVDs tested in series (one versus two versus three IVDs). SPARC-null spine NZs were both stiffer (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and smaller in length (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) than WT spines. There was an effect of the number of IVDs tested in series for NZ length but not NZ stiffness when collapsed across condition (SPARC-null and WT). Correlation analysis revealed a weak negative correlation (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.24) between age and NZ length in SPARC-null mice and a weak positive correlation (r\u2009=\u20090.30) between age and NZ stiffness in WT mice. In conclusion, SPARC-null mice had stiffer and smaller NZs than WT mice, regardless of the number of IVDs in series being tested. The increased stiffness of these IVDs likely influences mobility at these spinal joints thereby potentially contributing to low back pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4047995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T06:27:50Z","timestamp":1596176870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mechanical Consequence of Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in the SPARC-Null Mouse"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Mitchel C.","family":"Whittal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Molladavoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek P.","family":"Zwambag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Millecamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education\/Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020100806445806000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12976-015-0020-3","article-title":"Disc Degeneration Implies Low Back Pain","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Medical Modell."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020100806445806000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.01.027","article-title":"Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Associated With Axial and Radiating Low Back Pain in Ageing SPARC-Null Mice","volume":"153","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020100806445806000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218770769","article-title":"Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: Estimating Global Incidence and Worldwide Volume","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"issue":"18","key":"2020100806445806000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000231761.73859.2c","article-title":"What is Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, and What Causes It?","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2020100806445806000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.09.032","article-title":"The Intervertebral Disc: Physiology and Pathology of a Brittle Joint","volume":"120","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020100806445806000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00044-0","article-title":"Clinical Spinal Instability and Low Back Pain","volume":"13","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020100806445806000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.028","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pain","volume":"139","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020100806445806000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v028a08","article-title":"Acute Mechanical Injury of the Human Intervertebral Disc: Link to Degeneration and Pain","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"issue":"19","key":"2020100806445806000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002132","article-title":"Paraspinal Muscle Passive Stiffness Remodels in Direct Response to Spine Stiffness","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020100806445806000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199212000-00002","article-title":"The Stabilizing System of the Spine\u2014Part II: Neutral Zone and Instability Hypothesis","volume":"5","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020100806445806000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0842-3","article-title":"Biomechanical Evaluation of Segmental Instability in Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis","volume":"18","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020100806445806000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-38","article-title":"Quantifying Intervertebral Disc Mechanics: A New Definition of the Neutral Zone","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020100806445806000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199406000-00011","article-title":"Disc Degeneration Affects the Multidirectional Flexibility of the Lumbar Spine","volume":"19","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020100806445806000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200205010-00006","article-title":"Measurement of Cadaver Lumbar Spine Motion Segment Stiffness","volume":"27","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"23","key":"2020100806445806000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00011","article-title":"The Effect of Disc Degeneration and Facet Joint Osteoarthritis on the Segmental Flexibility of the Lumbar Spine","volume":"25","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2020100806445806000_bib16","first-page":"110","article-title":"Instability of the Lumbar Spine","volume":"165","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2020100806445806000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12939","article-title":"SPARC, a Matricellular Protein That Functions in Cellular Differentiation and Tissue Response to Injury","volume":"107","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020100806445806000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.3A6153.2004","article-title":"Functional Analysis of the Matricellular Protein SPARC With Novel Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"52","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2020100806445806000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.06.002","article-title":"Low Back Pain and Disc Degeneration Are Decreased Following Chronic Toll-Like Receptor 4 Inhibition in a Mouse Model","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020100806445806000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.08.055","article-title":"Behavioral Signs of Axial Low Back Pain and Motor Impairment Correlate With the Severity of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in a Mouse Model","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020100806445806000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cd9d75","article-title":"Behavioral Signs of Chronic Back Pain in the SPARC-Null Mouse","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"20","key":"2020100806445806000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000142225.07927.29","article-title":"Cellular, but Not Matrix, Immunolocalization SPARC Human Intervertebral Disc: Decreasing Localization Aging Disc Degeneration","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020100806445806000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000116982.19331.EA","article-title":"Young Investigator Award Winner: Validation of the Mouse and Rat Disc as Mechanical Models of the Human Lumbar Disc","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020100806445806000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.5A6687.2005","article-title":"Targeted Deletion of the SPARC Gene Accelerates Disc Degeneration in the Aging Mouse","volume":"53","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"issue":"13","key":"2020100806445806000_bib25","first-page":"2674","article-title":"SPARC Deficiency Leads to Early-Onset Cataractogenesis","volume":"39","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2020100806445806000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.04.037","article-title":"The Role of the Nucleus Pulposus in Neutral Zone Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Mechanics","volume":"41","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020100806445806000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-9070-8","article-title":"Trans-Endplate Nucleotomy Increases Deformation and Creep Response in Axial Loading","volume":"34","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020100806445806000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.04.010","article-title":"Mechanical Differences Between Lumbar and Tail Discs in the Mouse","volume":"23","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020100806445806000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2017-0095","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine Surg. Relat. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4047995\/6574648\/bio_143_02_024501.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4047995\/6574648\/bio_143_02_024501.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T10:45:26Z","timestamp":1602153926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4047995\/1085854\/Mechanical-Consequence-of-Induced-Intervertebral"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4047995","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"article-number":"024501"}}