{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T16:28:31Z","timestamp":1785688111672,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-17-2-0229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-17-2-0229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Nonperforating ballistic impacts on thoracic armor can cause blunt injuries, known as behind-armor blunt trauma (BABT). To evaluate the potential for this injury, the back face deformation (BFD) imprinted into a clay backing is measured; however, the link between BFD and potential for injury is uncertain. Computational human body models (HBMs) have the potential to provide an improved understanding of BABT injury risk to inform armor design but require assessment with relevant loading scenarios. In this study, a methodology was developed to apply BABT loading to a computational thorax model, enhanced with refined finite element mesh and high-deformation rate mechanical properties. The model was assessed using an epidemiological BABT survivor database. BABT impact boundary conditions for 10 cases from the database were recreated using experimentally measured deformation for specific armor\/projectile combinations, and applied to the thorax model using a novel prescribed displacement methodology. The computational thorax model demonstrated numerical stability under BABT impact conditions. The predicted number of rib fractures, the magnitude of pulmonary contusion, and injury rank, increased with armor BFD, back face velocity, and input energy to the thorax. In three of the 10 cases, the model overpredicted the number of rib fractures, attributed to impact location positional sensitivity and limited details from the database. The integration of an HBM with the BABT loading method predicted rib fractures and injury ranks that were in good agreement with available medical records, providing a potential tool for future armor evaluation and injury assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T06:05:20Z","timestamp":1601705120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Assessment of Thorax Finite Element Model Response for Behind Armor Blunt Trauma Impact Loading Using an Epidemiological Database"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"D. S.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MME, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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