{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1792733787100,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cervical spine experiences shear forces during everyday activities and injurious events yet there is a paucity of biomechanical data characterizing the cervical spine under shear loading. This study aimed to (1) characterize load transmission paths and kinematics of the subaxial cervical spine under shear loading, and (2) assess a contemporary finite element cervical spine model using this data. Subaxial functional spinal units (FSUs) were subjected to anterior, posterior, and lateral shear forces (200\u2009N) applied with and without superimposed axial compression preload (200\u2009N) while monitoring spine kinematics. Load transmission paths were identified using strain gauges on the anterior vertebral body and lateral masses and a disc pressure sensor. Experimental conditions were simulated with cervical spine finite element model FSUs (GHBMC M50 version 5.0). The mean kinematics, vertebral strains, and disc pressures were compared to experimental results. The shear force\u2013displacement response typically demonstrated a toe region followed by a linear response, with higher stiffness in anterior shear relative to lateral and posterior shear. Compressive axial preload decreased posterior and lateral shear stiffness and increased initial anterior shear stiffness. Load transmission patterns and kinematics suggest the facet joints play a key role in limiting anterior shear while the disc governs motion in posterior shear. The main cervical spine shear responses and trends are faithfully predicted by the GHBMC cervical spine model. These basic cervical spine biomechanics and the computational model can provide insight into mechanisms for facet dislocation in high severity impacts, and tissue distraction in low severity impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T06:11:26Z","timestamp":1612764686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Load-Sharing and Kinematics of the Human Cervical Spine Under Multi-Axial Transverse Shear Loading: Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Whyte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, The School of Biomedical Engineering and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. B.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. S.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. A.","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, 130 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7\u2009L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.-P.","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, Bern 3010, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Cripton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, The School of Biomedical Engineering and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021031715550337400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182686789","article-title":"Head-First Impact With Head Protrusion Causes Noncontiguous Injuries of the Cadaveric Cervical Spine","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med. Off. J. Can. Acad. 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