{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:19:24Z","timestamp":1792696764301,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The back squat is one of the most effective exercises in strengthening the muscles of the lower extremity. Understanding the impact of footwear has on the biomechanics is imperative for maximizing the exercise training potential, preventing injury, and rehabilitating from injury. This review focuses on how different types of footwear affect the full-body kinematics, joint loads, muscle activity, and ground reaction forces in athletes of varying experience performing the weighted back squat. The literature search was conducted using three databases, and fourteen full-text articles were ultimately included in the review. The majority of these studies demonstrated that the choice of footwear directly impacts kinematics and kinetics. Weightlifting shoes were shown to decrease trunk lean and generate more plantarflexion relative to running shoes and barefoot lifting. Elevating the heel through the use of external squat wedges is popular method during rehabilitation and was shown to provide similar effects to weightlifting shoes. Additional research with a broader array of populations, particularly novice and female weightlifters, should be conducted to generalize the research results to nonathlete populations. Further work is also needed to characterize the specific effects of sole stiffness and heel elevation height on squatting mechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T16:00:08Z","timestamp":1618243208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Footwear and Elevated Heel Influence on Barbell Back Squat: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Aaron Michael","family":"Pangan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, San Jos\u00e9 State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0278"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Leineweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, San Jos\u00e9 State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0278"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021050607475906500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2002.32.4.141","article-title":"Patellofemoral Joint Kinetics While Squatting With and Without an External Load","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"2021050607475906500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.10.005","article-title":"The Effects of Squatting Footwear on Three-Dimensional Lower Limb and Spine Kinetics","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050607475906500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000103","article-title":"The Back Squat: A Proposed Assessment of Functional Deficits and Technical Factors That Limit Performance","volume":"36","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021050607475906500_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to Squat? Effects of Various Stance Widths, Foot Placement Angles and Level of Experience on Knee, Hip and Trunk Motion and Loading","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021050607475906500_bib5","first-page":"3497","article-title":"Squatting Kinematics and Kinetics and Their Application to Exercise Performance","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Squatting Kinemat. Kinet. Their Appl. to Exerc. Perform."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050607475906500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1519\/00126548-200712000-00001","article-title":"Optimizing Squat Technique","volume":"29","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050607475906500_bib7","first-page":"241","article-title":"Integration of Strength and Conditioning Principles into a Rehabilitation Program","volume":"6","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"Vl","key":"2021050607475906500_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinematic and Electromyographic Activity Changes During Back Squat With Submaximal and Maximal Loading","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021050607475906500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318218dd64","article-title":"Kinematic Changes Using Weightlifting Shoes on Barbell Back Squat","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"2021050607475906500_bib10","first-page":"385","article-title":"Influence of the Foot-Floor Interface on Squatting Performance","year":"2011","journal-title":"29 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports (2011)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050607475906500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061628","article-title":"Biofeedback Systems for Gait Rehabilitation of Individuals With Lower-Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021050607475906500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00131-0","article-title":"The Delphi List","volume":"51","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6955","key":"2021050607475906500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6955.648","article-title":"Systematic Reviews: Checklists for Review Articles","volume":"309","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050607475906500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The Feasibility of Creating a Checklist for the Assessment of the Methodological Quality Both of Randomised and Non-Randomised Studies of Health Care Interventions","volume":"52","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Heal."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021050607475906500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2624","article-title":"Retrieving Clinical Evidence: A Comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar for Quick Clinical Searches","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021050607475906500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.95.4.442","article-title":"Comparing Test Searches in PubMed and Google Scholar","volume":"95","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021050607475906500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1175652","article-title":"The Effect of Weightlifting Shoes on the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Back Squat","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050607475906500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.8.3.571","article-title":"Comparison of Back Squat Kinematics Between Barefoot and Shoe Conditions","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Sci. Coach."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050607475906500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001938","article-title":"Heel-Raised Foot Posture Does Not Affect Trunk and Lower Extremity Biomechanics During a Barbell Back Squat in Recreational Weight Lifter","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021050607475906500_bib20","first-page":"629","article-title":"Effect of Knee Position on Hip and Knee Torque During the Barbell Squat","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021050607475906500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001180","article-title":"Influence of Footwear Type of Barbell Back Squat Using 50, 70, and 90% of One Repetition Maximum: A Biomechanical Analysis","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021050607475906500_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effects of Footwear on Squat Movements","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"West. Undergrad. Res. J. Heal. Nat. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021050607475906500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2010.539623","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of the Different Classifications of the Functional Movement Screen Deep Squat Test","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050607475906500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001655","article-title":"The Effects of a Heel Wedge on Hip, Pelvis, and Trunk Biomechanics During Squatting in Resistance Trained Individuals","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021050607475906500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1738675","article-title":"The Effect of Elevating the Heels on Spinal Kinematics and Kinetics During the Back Squat in Trained and Novice Weight Trainers","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021050607475906500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.965752","article-title":"The Influence of Different Footwear on 3-D Kinematics and Muscle Activation During the Barbell Back Squat in Males","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050607475906500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2020.1769202","article-title":"Effects of Different Footwear on Kinetics, Kinematics and Muscle Forces During the Barbell Back Squat; an Exploration Using Bayesian Modelling","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"2021050607475906500_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Joint Loading at Different Variations of Squats","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Symp. Biomech. Sport. Conf. Proc. Arch."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021050607475906500_bib29","article-title":"The Effect of Increasing Heel Height on Lower Limb Symmetry During the Back Squat in Trained and Novice Lifters","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci., Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021050607475906500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318267918b","article-title":"Comparison of the Angles and Corresponding Moments in the Knee and Hip During Restricted and Unrestricted Squats","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050607475906500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182736034","article-title":"Kinematics of the Trunk and the Lower Extremities During Restricted and Unrestricted Squats","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021050607475906500_bib32","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Effect of the Direction of Gaze on the Kinematics of the Squat","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"2021050607475906500_bib33","article-title":"Common Technique Errors in the Back Squat","volume":"15","year":"1993","journal-title":"Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc. J."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2021050607475906500_bib34","first-page":"64","article-title":"Rearfoot Eversion Has Indirect Effects on Plantar Fascia Tension by Changing the Amount of Arch Collapse","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foot (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"key":"2021050607475906500_bib35","volume-title":"The Weightlifting Encyclopedia: A Guide to World Class Performance","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050607475906500_bib36","first-page":"31","article-title":"The Test-Retest Reliability of Three Different Hip Joint Center Location Techniques","volume":"83","journal-title":"Movement Sport Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021050607475906500_bib37","first-page":"127","article-title":"Knee Biomechanics of the Dynamic Squat Exercise","volume":"33","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021050607475906500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2014.12.008","article-title":"Controversies in Knee Rehabilitation: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury","volume":"34","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sport. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021050607475906500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514526139","article-title":"Increased Risk of Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A 14-Year Follow-Up Study of a Randomized Control Trial","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021050607475906500_bib40","first-page":"264","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Single-Leg Decline Squat","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/143\/9\/090801\/6692233\/bio_143_09_090801.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/143\/9\/090801\/6692233\/bio_143_09_090801.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T01:24:37Z","timestamp":1620350677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/143\/9\/090801\/1107012\/Footwear-and-Elevated-Heel-Influence-on-Barbell"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4050820","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"article-number":"090801"}}