{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:44:51Z","timestamp":1790023491974,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007496","name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX005062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX005062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-16-2-0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-16-2-0052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10RR02763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10RR02763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Delayed long bone fracture healing and nonunion continue to be a significant socioeconomic burden. While mechanical stimulation is known to be an important determinant of the bone repair process, understanding how the magnitude, mode, and commencement of interfragmentary strain (IFS) affect fracture healing can guide new therapeutic strategies to prevent delayed healing or nonunion. Mouse models provide a means to investigate the molecular and cellular aspects of fracture repair, yet there is only one commercially available, clinically-relevant, locking intramedullary nail (IMN) currently available for studying long bone fractures in rodents. Having access to alternative IMNs would allow a variety of mechanical environments at the fracture site to be evaluated, and the purpose of this proof-of-concept finite element analysis study is to identify which IMN design parameters have the largest impact on IFS in a murine transverse femoral osteotomy model. Using the dimensions of the clinically relevant IMN as a guide, the nail material, distance between interlocking screws, and clearance between the nail and endosteal surface were varied between simulations. Of these parameters, changing the nail material from stainless steel (SS) to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) had the largest impact on IFS. Reducing the distance between the proximal and distal interlocking screws substantially affected IFS only when nail modulus was low. Therefore, IMNs with low modulus (e.g., PEEK) can be used alongside commercially available SS nails to investigate the effect of initial IFS or stability on fracture healing with respect to different biological conditions of repair in rodents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T15:33:05Z","timestamp":1637508785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Intramedullary Nailing Patterns on Interfragmentary Strain in a Mouse Femur Fracture: A Parametric Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Gregory B.","family":"Lowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Moore-Lotridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasidhar","family":"Uppuganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Guelcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37217"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering , 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37217"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology , 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37217"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Clinical Pharmacology , 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37217"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Schoenecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Department of Pharmacology , 465 21st Ave South, 7124 Medical Research Building III, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1161 21st Ave S C-3322 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 2200 Children's Way, Suite 2404, Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology , 465 21st Ave South, 7124 Medical Research Building III, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1161 21st Ave S C-3322 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 2200 Children's Way, Suite 2404, Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology , 465 21st Ave South, 7124 Medical Research Building III, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1161 21st Ave S C-3322 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 2200 Children's Way, Suite 2404, Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics , 465 21st Ave South, 7124 Medical Research Building III, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1161 21st Ave S C-3322 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 2200 Children's Way, Suite 2404, Nashville, TN 37232"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffry S.","family":"Nyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1310 24th Ave. S, Nashville, TN 37212"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1310 24th Ave. S, Nashville, TN 37212"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1310 24th Ave. S, Nashville, TN 37212"},{"name":"Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs , 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232 ; , 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212 ; , 1310 24th Ave. S, Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib1","volume-title":"The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States (BMUS)","year":"2014"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib2","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Delayed Union and Nonunions: Epidemiology, Clinical Issues, and Financial Aspects","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2017.1321351","article-title":"The Risk of Non-Union per Fracture: Current Myths and Revised Figures From a Population of Over 4 Million Adults","volume":"88","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010701015479700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162775","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775","article-title":"Epidemiology of Fracture Nonunion in 18 Human Bones","volume":"151","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.1","article-title":"Fracture Healing Under Healthy and Inflammatory Conditions","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010701015479700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B12.19671","article-title":"Inhibition of Fracture Healing","volume":"89-B","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. - Ser. B"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib7","first-page":"57","article-title":"Mechanobiology of Bone Remodeling and Fracture Healing in the Aged Organism","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. Surg. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010701015479700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200305000-00006","article-title":"Predictors of Reoperation Following Operative Management of Fractures of the Tibial Shaft","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010701015479700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B7.36061","article-title":"A Unified Theory of Bone Healing and Nonunion","volume":"98-B","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib10","first-page":"253","article-title":"Understanding Fracture Healing Biomechanics Based on the \u2018Strain\u2019 Concept and Its Clinical Applications","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Orthop. Traumatol. Cech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23460","article-title":"Fracture Healing Physiology and the Quest for Therapies for Delayed Healing and Nonunion","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2023010701015479700_bib12","first-page":"556","article-title":"An Endochondral Ossification-Based Approach to Bone Repair: Chondrogenically Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Scaffolds Support Greater Repair of Critical-Sized Cranial Defects Than Osteogenically Stimulated Constructs In Vivo","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007","article-title":"Bone Grafts and Biomaterials Substitutes for Bone Defect Repair: A Review","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.04.044","article-title":"A Case for Optimising Fracture Healing Through Inverse Dynamization","volume":"81","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.10.012","article-title":"Mechanobiology in the Management of Mobile Atrophic and Oligotrophic Tibial Nonunions","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"issue":"Jan","key":"2023010701015479700_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Concert Between Biology and Biomechanics: The Influence of the Mechanical Environment on Bone Healing","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023010701015479700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00175","article-title":"Stress Modulation of Fracture Fixation Implants","volume":"24","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010701015479700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201312000-00003","article-title":"Early Weight Bearing After Lower Extremity Fractures in Adults","volume":"21","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010701015479700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-006-1061-6","article-title":"Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral and Tibial Shaft Fractures","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthopaedic Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919827044","article-title":"Intramedullary Nailing Biomechanics: Evolution and Challenges","volume":"233","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"issue":"Dec","key":"2023010701015479700_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanical Regulation of Bone Regeneration: Theories, Models, and Experiments","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib22","first-page":"385","article-title":"Mechanical Stimulation of Fracture Healing \u2013 Stimulation of Callus by Improved Recovery","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023010701015479700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e385","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001555","article-title":"The Size of Intramedullary Fixation Affects Endochondral-Mediated Angiogenesis During Fracture Repair","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0455-7","article-title":"Mouse Cre Models for the Study of Bone Diseases","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010701015479700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.021","article-title":"Genetic Mouse Models for Bone Studies-Strengths and Limitations","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v026a01","article-title":"Rodent Animal Models of Delayed Bone Healing and Non-Union Formation: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.07.007","article-title":"Small Animal Bone Healing Models: Standards, Tips, and Pitfalls Results of a Consensus Meeting","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40610-016-0037-3","article-title":"Mouse Models in Bone Fracture Healing Research","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.07.002","article-title":"The Temporal and Spatial Development of Vascularity in a Healing Displaced Fracture","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21008","article-title":"An Internal Locking Plate to Study Intramembranous Bone Healing in a Mouse Femur Fracture Model","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010701015479700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21148","article-title":"Fracture Healing in Mice Under Controlled Rigid and Flexible Conditions Using an Adjustable External Fixator","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2016.1256940","article-title":"Modulation of Fixation Stiffness From Flexible to Stiff in a Rat Model of Bone Healing","volume":"88","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.713","article-title":"The LockingMouseNail\u2014a New Implant for Standardized Stable Osteosynthesis in Mice","volume":"169","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"117","key":"2023010701015479700_bib34","article-title":"An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp.,"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2854-z","article-title":"Computational Modeling of Human Bone Fracture Healing Affected by Different Conditions of Initial Healing Stage","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"April","key":"2023010701015479700_bib36","first-page":"111213","article-title":"Effect of Initial Micro-Movement of a Fracture Gap Fastened by Composite Prosthesis on Bone Healing","volume":"226","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010701015479700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0759-4","article-title":"A Computational Model to Explore the Role of Angiogenic Impairment on Endochondral Ossification During Fracture Healing","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0798-x","article-title":"Computational Simulation of Bone Fracture Healing Under Inverse Dynamisation","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib39","first-page":"748","article-title":"Characterization of Novel Intramedullary Nailing Method for Treating Femoral Shaft Fracture Through Finite Element Analysis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib40","first-page":"838","article-title":"A Finite Element Model to Simulate Femoral Fractures in Calves: Testing Different Polymers for Intramedullary Interlocking Nails","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib41","first-page":"803","article-title":"Biomechanical Assessment of Composite Versus Metallic Intramedullary Nailing System in Femoral Shaft Fractures: A Finite Element Study","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023010701015479700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24401","article-title":"Parametric Finite Element Analysis of Intramedullary Nail Fixation of Proximal Femur Fractures","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib43","first-page":"129","article-title":"MeshLab: An Open-Source Mesh Processing Tool","volume-title":"6th Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference 2008 - Proceedings,","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2487228.2487237","article-title":"Screened Poisson Surface Reconstruction","volume":"32","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib45","article-title":"STL to ACIS SAT Conversion","year":"2020"},{"issue":"133","key":"2023010701015479700_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023010701015479700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.05.039","article-title":"Mechanical Characterization and Numerical Simulation of Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Cranial Implants","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010701015479700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115695","article-title":"Prediction of the Time Course of Callus Stiffness as a Function of Mechanical Parameters in Experimental Rat Fracture Healing Studies - A Numerical Study","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.05.019","article-title":"Characterization of Cancellous and Cortical Bone Strain in the In Vivo Mouse Tibial Loading Model Using MicroCT-Based Finite Element Analysis","volume":"66","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023010701015479700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00114-3","article-title":"Influence of the Stiffness of Bone Defect Implants on the Mechanical Conditions at the Interface - A Finite Element Analysis With Contact","volume":"36","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.009","article-title":"Improvement of the Shear Fixation Stability of Intramedullary Nailing","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2016.04.002","article-title":"Quantitative In Vivo Micro-Computed Tomography for Assessment of Age-Dependent Changes in Murine Whole-Body Composition","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib53","first-page":"217","article-title":"Bone Healing in Mice: Does It Follow Generic Mechano-Regulation Rules?","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng.,"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010701015479700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.02.074","article-title":"Inter-Species Investigation of the Mechano-Regulation of Bone Healing: Comparison of Secondary Bone Healing in Sheep and Rat","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"13","key":"2023010701015479700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.028","article-title":"Internal Forces and Moments in the Femur of the Rat During Gait","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023010701015479700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.04.019","article-title":"Correlations Between Local Strains and Tissue Phenotypes in an Experimental Model of Skeletal Healing","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib57","first-page":"663","article-title":"Average Shear Stress Yield Criterion and Its Application to Plastic Collapse Analysis of Pipelines","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int, J. Press Vessel. Pip."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02602-4","article-title":"Carbon\/PEEK Nails: A Case\u2013Control Study of 22 Cases","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.01.007","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Proximal Femoral Fractures Treated With a Novel Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyetheretherketone Intramedullary Nail","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023010701015479700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001756","article-title":"Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PEEK versus Titanium Tibial Intramedullary Nailing: A Preliminary Analysis and Results","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-018-9256-x","article-title":"Bone Fracture Acute Phase Response\u2014a Unifying Theory of Fracture Repair: Clinical and Scientific Implications","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"issue":"NO","key":"2023010701015479700_bib62","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physical and Biological Aspects of Fracture Healing With Special Reference to Internal Fixation","volume":"138","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib63","first-page":"192","article-title":"Mechanics of Musculoskeletal Repair Devices","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31816073cb","article-title":"Interfragmentary Movement in Diaphyseal Tibia Fractures Fixed With Locked Intramedullary Nails","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21568","article-title":"Optimization of Intramedullary Nailing by Numerical Simulation of Fracture Healing","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010701015479700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00098-6","article-title":"Shear Movement at the Fracture Site Delays Healing in a Diaphyseal Fracture Model","volume":"21","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023010701015479700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2005.03.005","article-title":"The Course of Bone Healing is Influenced by the Initial Shear Fixation Stability","volume":"23","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000191272.34786.09","article-title":"Shear Does Not Necessarily Inhibit Bone Healing","volume":"443","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010701015479700_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199806000-00011","article-title":"The Influence of Active Shear or Compressive Motion on Fracture-Healing","volume":"80","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. - Ser. A"},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib70","first-page":"138","article-title":"Mechanical Failure in Intramedullary Interlocking Nails","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib71","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Polymer-Composite Materials: A Review","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.10.102","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Intramedullary Nail With Different Materials in the Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200702000-00004","article-title":"Intramedullary Nailing of the Lower Extremity: Biomechanics and Biology","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900801600312","article-title":"Prosthesis Design and Stress Profile After Hip Resurfacing: A Finite Element Analysis","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(82)90009-7","article-title":"Finite-Element-Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Stresses in a Femur","volume":"4","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.02.011","article-title":"Should Early Weightbearing Be Allowed After Intramedullary Fixation of Trochanteric Femur Fractures? A Finite Element Study","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010701015479700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00225-6","article-title":"Hip-Joint and Abductor-Muscle Forces Adequately Represent In Vivo Loading of a Cemented Total Hip Reconstruction","volume":"34","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.2478\/ijame-2013-0055","article-title":"Probabilistic Study of Bone Remodeling Using Finite Element Analysis","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJAME"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023010701015479700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0800-3","article-title":"Type of Hip Fracture Determines Load Share in Intramedullary Osteosynthesis","volume":"467","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22469","article-title":"A Computational Study on the Effect of Fracture Intrusion Distance in Three- and Four-Part Trochanteric Fractures Treated With Gamma Nail and Sliding Hip Screw","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"2023010701015479700_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.06.030","article-title":"Characterizing Gait Induced Normal Strains in a Murine Tibia Cortical Bone Defect Model","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib82","article-title":"Rat Bone Properties and Their Relationship to Gait During Growth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010701015479700_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.11.038","article-title":"Considerations for Reporting Finite Element Analysis Studies in Biomechanics","volume":"45","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130312","article-title":"Comparison of the Effect of Reamed and Unreamed Locked Intramedullary Nailing on Blood Flow in the Callus and Strength of Union Following Fracture of the Sheep Tibia","volume":"13","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib85","article-title":"Intramedullary Nailing","year":"2012"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023010701015479700_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22861","article-title":"Comparison of Healing Process in Open Osteotomy Model and Open Fracture Model: Delayed Healing of Osteotomies After Intramedullary Screw Fixation","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2023010701015479700_bib87","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Mechanobiology of Skeletal Regeneration","volume":"355","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.,"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00153-5","article-title":"Magnitudes of Local Stress and Strain Along Bony Surfaces Predict the Course and Type of Fracture Healing","volume":"32","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023010701015479700_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00086-6","article-title":"A Mechano-Regulation Model for Tissue Differentiation During Fracture Healing: Analysis of Gap Size and Loading","volume":"35","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib90","first-page":"539","article-title":"Biophysical Stimuli on Cells During Tissue Differentiation at Implant Interfaces","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010701015479700_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.01.003","article-title":"Mechanical Conditions in the Initial Phase of Bone Healing","volume":"21","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20712","article-title":"Early Dynamization by Reduced Fixation Stiffness Does Not Improve Fracture Healing in a Rat Femoral Osteotomy Model","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010701015479700_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181e3d994","article-title":"Late Dynamization by Reduced Fixation Stiffness Enhances Fracture Healing in a Rat Femoral Osteotomy Model","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"22","key":"2023010701015479700_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01604","article-title":"Improved Healing of Large Segmental Defects in the Rat Femur by Reverse Dynamization in the Presence of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2","volume":"94","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. - Ser. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010701015479700_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.13158","article-title":"A Mechanobiology-Based Algorithm to Optimize the Microstructure Geometry of Bone Tissue Scaffolds","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023010701015479700_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24034","article-title":"Biomechanics of Two External Fixator Devices Used in Rat Femoral Fractures","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib97","first-page":"347","article-title":"Correlations Between Bone Mechanical Properties and Bone Composition Parameters in Mouse Models of Dominant and Recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta and the Response to Anti-TGF-\u03b2 Treatment","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2023010701015479700_bib98","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Type I Collagen Mutation Alters the Strength and Fatigue Behavior of Mov13 Cortical Tissue","volume":"30","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023010701015479700_bib99","article-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction 2nd Edition","year":"1991","journal-title":"Materials Design"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/144\/5\/051007\/6819499\/bio_144_05_051007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/144\/5\/051007\/6819499\/bio_144_05_051007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T01:02:53Z","timestamp":1673053373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/144\/5\/051007\/1128822\/Effect-of-Intramedullary-Nailing-Patterns-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4053085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"article-number":"051007"}}