{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:46:26Z","timestamp":1789145186283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006438","name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-17-1-0427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-17-1-0427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Advances in understanding the effects the mechanical characteristics of prosthetic feet on user biomechanics have enabled passive prostheses to improve the walking pattern of people with lower limb amputation. However, there is no consensus on the design methodology and criteria required to maximize specific user outcomes and fully restore their mobility. The Lower Leg Trajectory Error (LLTE) framework is a novel design methodology based on the replication of lower leg dynamics. The LLTE value evaluates how closely a prosthetic foot replicates a target walking pattern. Designing a prosthesis that minimizes the LLTE value, optimizes its mechanical function to enable users to best replicate the target lower leg trajectory. Here, we conducted a systematic sensitivity investigation of LLTE-optimized prostheses. Five people with unilateral transtibial amputation walked overground at self-selected speeds using five prototype energy storage and return feet with varying LLTE values. The prototypes' LLTE values were varied by changing the stiffness of the participant's LLTE-optimized design by 60%, 80%, 120%, and 167%. Users most closely replicated the target able-bodied walking pattern with the LLTE-optimized stiffness, experimentally demonstrating that the predicted optimum was a true optimum. Additionally, the predicted LLTE values were correlated to the user's ability to replicate the target walking pattern, user preferences, and clinical outcomes including roll-over geometries, trunk sway, prosthetic energy return, and peak push-off power. This study further validates the use of the LLTE framework as a predictive and quantitative tool for designing and evaluating prosthetic feet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T13:32:01Z","timestamp":1667914321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Systematic Assessment of Prosthesis Stiffness on User Biomechanics Using the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework and Its Implication for the Design and Evaluation of Ankle-Foot Prostheses"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Prost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GEAR Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Brett","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEAR Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, NV 89154"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60611 ; , Chicago, IL 60611"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60611 ; , Chicago, IL 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"V","given":"Amos G.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEAR Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2006.11.0147","article-title":"Review of Secondary Physical Conditions Associated With Lower-Limb Amputation and Long-Term Prosthesis Use","volume":"45","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2356722","article-title":"Mechanisms of Gait Asymmetry Due to Push-Off Deficiency in Unilateral Amputees","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"202","article-title":"Considering Passive Mechanical Properties and Patient User Motor Performance in Lower Limb Prosthesis Design Optimization to Enhance Rehabilitation Outcomes","volume":"22","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2927094","article-title":"Design Optimization in Lower Limb Prostheses: A Review","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Clinical Prescription and Use of Prosthetic Foot and Ankle Mechanisms: A Review of the Literature","volume":"17","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"815","article-title":"Stance Phase Mechanical Characterization of Transtibial Prostheses Distal to the Socket: A Review","volume-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.06.0102","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review of the Effect of Different Prosthetic Components on Human Functioning With a Lower Limb Prosthesis","volume":"41","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00020-7","article-title":"Energy Storage and Return Prostheses: Does Patient Perception Correlate With Biomechanical Analysis?","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.10.002","article-title":"Biomechanical Characteristics, Patient Preference and Activity Level With Different Prosthetic Feet: A Randomized Double Blind Trial With Laboratory and Community Testing","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"CD003978","article-title":"Prescription of Prosthetic Ankle-Foot Mechanisms After Lower Limb Amputation","volume":"2010","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000004","article-title":"Functional Performance Differences Between Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Prosthetic Feet","volume":"45","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthotics Int."},{"issue":"24","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.671885","article-title":"Developing Consensus on Important Factors Associated With Lower Limb Prosthetic Prescription and Use","volume":"34","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"01","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review of Commonly Used Prosthetic Feet for Developing Countries: A Call for Research and Development","volume":"08","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nov. Physiother."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2848845","article-title":"A Novel Framework for Quantitatively Connecting the Mechanical Design of Passive Prosthetic Feet to Lower Leg Trajectory","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomechanical Evaluation Over Level Ground Walking of User-Specific Prosthetic Feet Designed Using the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"40","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9108","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay9108","article-title":"Improving the Energy Economy of Human Running With Powered and Unpowered Ankle Exoskeleton Assistance","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rob."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1095948","article-title":"Metabolic Energy Expenditure of Ambulation in Lower Extremity Amputees: What Have we Learned and What Are the Next Steps?","volume":"39","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023022411321685600_","article-title":"Shortcomings of Human-in-the-Loop Optimization of an Ankle-Foot Prosthesis Emulator: A Case Series","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0218047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218047","article-title":"The Foot and Ankle Structures Reveal Emergent Properties Analogous to Passive Springs During Human Walking","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","unstructured":"Pollen, T., 2015, \u201c A Non-Biomimetic Approach For Producing Shank Kinematics And Energetics,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Delaware, ProQuest Dissertations, Ann Arbor, MI."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","unstructured":"Kolbeinsd\u00f3ttir, R., 2018, \u201c Shank Kinematics and Kinetics in Prosthetic Gait: Implications for Improved Design of Prosthetic Systems,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Delaware, ProQuest Dissertations, Ann Arbor, MI."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023022411321685600_","article-title":"Passive Prosthetic Foot Shape and Size Optimization Using Lower Leg Trajectory Error","volume":"140","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021010","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039342","article-title":"Design and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot With Interchangeable Custom Springs for Evaluating Lower Leg Trajectory Error, an Optimization Metric for Prosthetic Feet","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASME J. Mechanisms Robotics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048643","article-title":"Experimental Demonstration of the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework Using Physiological Data as Input","volume":"143","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"041001","article-title":"Multi-Keel Passive Prosthetic Foot Design Optimization Using the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework","volume-title":"ASME J. Mechanisms Robotics","year":"2023"},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","unstructured":"Prost, V., 2021, \u201c Development and Validation of a Passive Prosthetic Foot Design Framework based on Lower Leg Dynamics,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/358434324_Development_and_Validation_of_a_Passive_Prosthetic_Foot_Design_Framework_based_on_Lower_Leg_Dynamics"},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of High-Performance, Low-Cost Prosthetic Feet for Developing Countries","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASME J. Med. Devices,"},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","volume-title":"Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","article-title":"Amputee Perception of Prosthetic Ankle Stiffness During Locomotion","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"79","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the Lower Limb Amputee","volume":"1","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Injured Combatant"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616683980","article-title":"Instantaneous Stiffness and Hysteresis of Dynamic Elastic Response Prosthetic Feet","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","article-title":"Comparing Preference of Ankle-Foot Stiffness in Below-Knee Amputees and Prosthetists","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649709164525","article-title":"The Effects of Prosthesis Mass on Metabolic Cost of Ambulation in Non-Vascular Trans-Tibial Amputees","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001704296","article-title":"The Effect of Prosthetic Mass Properties on the Gait of Transtibial amputees - A Mathematical Model","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070611","article-title":"Repeatability of Kinematic, Kinetic, and Electromyographic Data in Normal Adult Gait","volume":"7","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617706749","article-title":"The Effects of Common Footwear on Stance-Phase Mechanical Properties of the Prosthetic Foot-Shoe System","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640008726549","article-title":"Prosthetic Foot Roll-Over Shapes With Implications for Alignment of Trans-Tibial Prostheses","volume":"24","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310","article-title":"Measurement of Lower-Extremity Kinematics During Level Walking","volume":"8","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3082459","article-title":"Knee Swing Phase Flexion Resistance Affects Several Key Features of Leg Swing Important to Safe Transfemoral Prosthetic Gait","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.11.013","article-title":"Comprehensive Non-Dimensional Normalization of Gait Data","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.06.007","article-title":"The Influence of Energy Storage and Return Foot Stiffness on Walking Mechanics and Muscle Activity in Below-Knee Amputees","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Biomech."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.10.0166","article-title":"Effects of Prosthetic Foot Forefoot Flexibility on Gait of Unilateral Transtibial Prosthesis Users","volume":"47","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"issue":"Pt 14","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"2722","article-title":"Mechanical and Energetic Consequences of Rolling Foot Shape in Human Walking","volume":"216","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411914549392","article-title":"The Effect That Energy Storage and Return Feet Have on the Propulsion of the Body: A Pilot Study","volume":"228","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1989.69.4.1199","article-title":"Optimization and Gaits in the Locomotion of Vertebrates","volume":"69","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"172","article-title":"Use of Force Platform Variables to Quantify the Effects of Chiropractic Manipulation on Gait Symmetry","volume":"10","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.024","article-title":"Frontal Plane Dynamic Margins of Stability in Individuals With and Without Transtibial Amputation Walking on a Loose Rock Surface","volume":"38","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.04.012","article-title":"The Effects of Walking Speed and Prosthetic Ankle Adapters on Upper Extremity Dynamics and Stability-Related Parameters in Bilateral Transtibial Amputee Gait","volume":"38","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.03.028","article-title":"Trajectory of the Center of Rotation in Non-Articulated Energy Storage and Return Prosthetic Feet","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.01.017","article-title":"The Human Ankle During Walking: Implications for Design of Biomimetic Ankle Prostheses","volume":"37","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"15","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.08.017","article-title":"A Unified Deformable (UD) Segment Model for Quantifying Total Power of Anatomical and Prosthetic Below-Knee Structures During Stance in Gait","volume":"45","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.04.017","article-title":"Ankle and Foot Power in Gait Analysis: Implications for Science, Technology and Clinical Assessment","volume":"75","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364614564021","article-title":"Step-to-Step Transition Work During Level and Inclined Walking Using Passive and Powered Ankle-Foot Prostheses","volume":"40","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00169-5","article-title":"Simultaneous Positive and Negative External Mechanical Work in Human Walking","volume":"35","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"39","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12296","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012296","article-title":"Prosthesis Satisfaction in Lower Limb Amputees: A Systematic Review of Associated Factors and Questionnaires","volume":"97","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"64","article-title":"Weighted Vest Use to Improve Movement Control During Walking in Children With Autism","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. J. Am. Coll. Sports Med."},{"key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"3","article-title":"Single-Subject Analysis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Analyses Human Movement"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200404000-00002","article-title":"The Effective Foot Length Ratio: A Potential Tool for Characterization and Evaluation of Prosthetic Feet","volume":"16","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.02.009","article-title":"The Energy Cost for the Step-to-Step Transition in Amputee Walking","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.07.001","article-title":"The Effect of Prosthetic Foot Push-Off on Mechanical Loading Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis in Lower Extremity Amputees","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"S4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00510","article-title":"A Narrative Review of the Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Development of Knee Osteoarthritis After Traumatic Unilateral Lower Limb Amputation","volume":"181","year":"2016","journal-title":"Military Med."},{"issue":"20","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02455","article-title":"The Advantages of a Rolling Foot in Human Walking","volume":"209","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600816982","article-title":"The Effects of Prosthetic Foot Roll-Over Shape Arc Length on the Gait of Trans-Tibial Prosthesis Users","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding Patient Preference in Prosthetic Ankle Stiffness","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"issue":"i","key":"2023022411321685600_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of Gait Variable Change Over Time as Transtibial Amputees Adapt to a New Prosthesis Foot","volume":"2019","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616682385","article-title":"When to Biomechanically Examine a Lower-Limb Amputee: A Systematic Review of Accommodation Times","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023022411321685600_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.11.051","article-title":"Altering Prosthetic Foot Stiffness Influences Foot and Muscle Function During Below-Knee Amputee Walking: A Modeling and Simulation Analysis","volume":"46","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/145\/4\/041002\/6991380\/bio_145_04_041002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/145\/4\/041002\/6991380\/bio_145_04_041002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T13:14:20Z","timestamp":1678540460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/145\/4\/041002\/1150106\/Systematic-Assessment-of-Prosthesis-Stiffness-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4056137","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"article-number":"041002"}}