{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:38:10Z","timestamp":1778679490898,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-19-2-0336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-19-2-0336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The circumstances in which we mechanically test and critically assess human calvarium tissue would find relevance under conditions encompassing real-world head impacts. These conditions include, among other variables, impact velocities, and strain rates. Compared to quasi-static loading on calvaria, there is less reporting on the impact loading of the calvaria and consequently, there are relatively fewer mechanical properties on calvaria at relevant impact loading rates available in the literature. The purpose of this work was to report on the mechanical response of 23 human calvarium specimens subjected to dynamic four-point bending impacts. Impacts were performed using a custom-built four-point impact apparatus at impact velocities of 0.86\u20130.89\u2009m\/s resulting in surface strain rates of 2\u20133\/s\u2014representative of strain rates observed in vehicle collisions and blunt impacts. The study revealed comparable effective bending moduli (11\u201315\u2009GPa) to the limited work reported on the impact mechanics of calvaria in the literature, however, fracture bending stress (10\u201347\u2009MPa) was relatively less. As expected, surface strains at fracture (0.21\u20130.25%) were less compared to studies that performed quasi-static bending. Moreover, the study revealed no significant differences in mechanical response between male and female calvaria. The findings presented in this work are relevant to many areas including validating surrogate skull fracture models in silico or laboratory during impact and optimizing protective devices used by civilians to reduce the risk of a serious head injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T09:30:19Z","timestamp":1670923819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Mechanical Characterization and Comparison of Male and Female Calvaria Under Four-Point Bending Impacts"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Adanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kapil B.","family":"Bhagavathula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Tronchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karyne N.","family":"Rabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Alberta , 2J2.00 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada ; , 13-15 Tory Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta , 2J2.00 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada ; , 13-15 Tory Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Doschak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Medical Sciences Building , 8613 114 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Adeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Ouellet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Research and Development Canada, Valcartier Research Centre, 2459, de la, Route de la Bravoure , Quebec City, QC G3J 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Plaisted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD 21005"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sikhanda S.","family":"Satapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD 21005"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan L.","family":"Romanyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada ; 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