{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:50:51Z","timestamp":1790639451282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100000082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100000082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Walking is more difficult for transtibial prosthesis users, partly due to a lack of calf muscle function. Powered ankle prostheses can partially restore calf muscle function, specifically push-off power from the soleus. But one limitation of a powered ankle is that emulating the soleus does not restore the multi-articular function of the gastrocnemius. This missing function may explain elevated hip and knee muscle demands observed in individuals walking on powered ankles. These elevated demands can make walking more fatiguing and impact mobility. Adding an Artificial Gastrocnemius to a powered ankle might improve gait for prosthesis users by reducing the prosthesis-side hip and knee demands. This work investigates if an Artificial Gastrocnemius reduced prosthesis-side hip or knee demands for individuals walking with a powered ankle providing high levels of push-off. We performed two case series studies that examined the effects that a passive elastic Artificial Gastrocnemius has on joint moment-impulses when prosthesis users walked with a powered ankle. We found that hip moment-impulse was reduced during stance when walking with an Artificial Gastrocnemius for six of seven participants. The Artificial Gastrocnemius effects on knee kinetics were variable and subject-specific, but in general, it did not reduce the knee flexor or extensor demands. The Artificial Gastrocnemius should be further explored to determine if reduced hip demands improve mobility or the user's quality of life by increasing the distance they can walk, increasing walking economy, or leading to increased physical activity or community engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T10:04:58Z","timestamp":1674209098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combining an Artificial Gastrocnemius and Powered Ankle Prosthesis: Effects on Transtibial Prosthesis User Gait"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Ziemnicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty A.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales Level 2 , Wallace Wurth Building UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek N.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah B.","family":"Egolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl E.","family":"Zelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235 ; , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2024030801014913500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.06.008","article-title":"Muscle and Prosthesis Contributions to Amputee Walking Mechanics: A Modeling Study","volume":"45","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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