{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:14:13Z","timestamp":1772903653312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Engineering cyber-physical systems (CPS) is complex and time-consuming due to the heterogeneity of the involved engineering domains and the high number of physical and logical interactions of their subsystems. Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approaches tackle the complexity of developing CPS by formally and explicitly modeling subsystems and their interactions. Newer approaches also integrate domain-specific models and modeling languages to cover different aspects of CPS. However, MBSE approaches are currently not fully applicable for CPS development since they do not integrate formal models for physical and mechanical behavior to an extent that allows to seamlessly link mechanical models to the digital models and reuse them. In this paper, we discuss the challenges arising from the missing integration of physics into MBSE and introduce a model-based methodology capable of integrating physical functions and effects into an MBSE approach on a level where detailed physical effects are considered. Our approach offers a fully virtual, model-based development methodology covering the whole development process for the development of CPS. Evaluating this methodology on a real automotive use case demonstrates benefits regarding virtual development and functional testing of CPS. It shows potentials regarding automated development and continuous integration of the whole CPS including all domains. As an outlook of this paper, we discuss potential further research topics extending our development workflow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1675154734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Towards a Holistic and Functional Model-Based Design Method for Mechatronic Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gregor","family":"Hoepfner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, , Schinkelstra\u00dfe 10, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}]},{"given":"Imke","family":"Nachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Software Engineering, , Ahornstra\u00dfe 55, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Zerwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, , Schinkelstra\u00dfe 10, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}]},{"given":"Joerg K.","family":"Berroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, , Schinkelstra\u00dfe 10, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMW Group AG , Knorrstra\u00dfe 147, 80788 Munich , Germany"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Guist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMW Group AG , Knorrstra\u00dfe 147, 80788 Munich , Germany"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Rumpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Chair of Software Engineering, , Ahornstra\u00dfe 55, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, , Schinkelstra\u00dfe 10, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032910301083100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95246-8_27","volume-title":"Principles of Modeling","author":"T\u00f6rngren","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","article-title":"Bayesian Structural Learning for an Improved Diagnosis of Cyber-Physical Systems","author":"Olivain","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","volume-title":"The Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK), v. 2.5","author":"SEBoK Editorial Board","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","first-page":"79","article-title":"Modeling Mechanical Functional Architectures in SysML","author":"Drave","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","first-page":"37","article-title":"Model-Driven Development of Complex Software: A Research Roadmap","author":"France","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80417-5","volume-title":"Konstruktionslehre f\u00fcr den Maschinenbau: Grundlagen zur Neu- und Weiterentwicklung technischer Produkte mit Beispielen","author":"Koller","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-319-2","volume-title":"Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach","author":"Pahl","year":"2007","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73117-9_2","volume-title":"SOFSEM 2018: Theory and Practice of Computer Science","author":"Broy","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","first-page":"172","article-title":"Improving Model-Based Testing in Automotive Software Engineering","author":"Markthaler","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","volume-title":"A Handbook of Software and Systems Engineering: Empirical Observations, Laws and Theories","author":"Endres","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","volume-title":"INCOSE Systems Engineering Vision 2020","author":"INCOSE","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","volume-title":"Principles of Cyber-Physical Systems","author":"Alur","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023032910301083100_","article-title":"Proposal for Functional Product Description as Part of a PLM Solution in Interdisciplinary Product Development","author":"Eigner","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023032910301083100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2334-5837.2010.tb01130.x","article-title":"Everything You Wanted to Know About Interfaces, But Were Afraid to Ask","volume":"20","author":"Wheatcraft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Incose Int. 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