{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:51:39Z","timestamp":1762300299490,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51975589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51975589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, a physics-based method to inversely determine wheel\u2014rail contact area in their lifecycle is proposed by introducing a continuous optimization pipeline including filtering and projection procedures. First, the element connectivity parameterization method is introduced to construct continuous objections with discrete contact pairs and formulate the physics-based optimization model. Second, the radius-based filter equation is employed for smoothing the design variables to improve the numerical stability and the differentiable step function is introduced to project smoothed design variables into 0\u20131 discrete integer space to ensure the solution of the optimization model yields discrete contact pairs. Finally, the method of moving asymptotes is constructed for iteratively updating wheel\u2014rail contact area by analyzing the sensitivity of relaxed optimization formulation with respect to design variables until the algorithm converged. The experimental result shows the effectiveness of the proposed method to inversely determine the wheel\u2014rail contact points in their lifecycle compared to the line tracing method; to the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to consider wheel\u2014rail contact area in lifecycle service with both the measured profile and the predicted profile data by gradient-based optimization method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T03:31:36Z","timestamp":1676604696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Physics-Driven Method for Determining Wheel\u2014Rail Contact Area With Gradient-Based Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Long","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, , Changsha 410075 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, , Changsha 410075 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Fifth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd. Institute of Engineering Innovation, , Changsha 410075 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021012","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054488","article-title":"A Data-Driven Wheel Wear Prediction Model for Rail Train Based on LM-OMP-NARXNN","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2021.107263","article-title":"Nonlinear Behaviors of the Disc Brake System Under the Effect of Wheel\u2212 Rail Adhesion","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.106107","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Wheel\/Rail Degradation at Railway Crossings","volume":"144","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-012-0271-0","article-title":"Modelling and Simulation of a New Worm Gear Drive Having Point-Like Contact","volume":"29","author":"Dud\u00e1s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2014.906634","article-title":"Solving Conformal Wheel\u2013Rail Rolling Contact Problems","volume":"52","author":"Vollebregt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vehicle Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-020-09762-w","article-title":"Detailed Wheel\/Rail Geometry Processing With the Conformal Contact Approach","volume":"52","author":"Vollebregt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004892","volume-title":"Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics","author":"Iwnicki","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.105554","article-title":"A Simplified Model for Solving Wheel-Rail Non-Hertzian Normal Contact Problem Under the Influence of Yaw Angle","volume":"174","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034501","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026154","article-title":"A Simple Procedure for the Solution of Three-Dimensional Wheel\/Rail Conformal Contact Problem","volume":"9","author":"Recuero","year":"2014","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Nonlinear Dyn."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1243\/09544097JRRT328","article-title":"Mapping Railway Wheel Material Wear Mechanisms and Transitions","volume":"224","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10957-011-9828-0","article-title":"A Smoothing Method for Zero\u2013One Constrained Extremum Problems","volume":"150","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2010.11.022","article-title":"Convergence of a Continuous Approach for Zero-One Programming Problems","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Math. and Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-009-0456-3","article-title":"A Gradient-Based Approach for Discrete Optimum Design","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscipl. Optim."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s001580050176","article-title":"A 99 Line Topology Optimization Code Written in Matlab","volume":"21","author":"Sigmund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscipl. Optim."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023032910500946300_","first-page":"89","article-title":"The Track of Wheel Contact Points and the Calculation of Wheel\/Rail Geometric Contact Parameters","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Southwest Jiaotong Univ."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(02)00114-X","article-title":"Measuring Rail\/Wheel Contact Points of Running Railway Vehicles","volume":"253","author":"Kanehara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wear"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219455419501426","article-title":"A Novel Method to Search for the Wheel\u2013Rail Contact Point","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Struct. Stability Dyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-008-9123-5","article-title":"Determination of Wheel\u2013Rail Contact Points With Semianalytic Methods","volume":"20","author":"Malvezzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2010.10.039","article-title":"Multibody Modeling of Railway Vehicles: Innovative Algorithms for the Detection of Wheel\u2013Rail Contact Points","volume":"271","author":"Falomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wear"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2015.1066508","article-title":"A Method for Improved Accuracy in Three Dimensions for Determining Wheel\/Rail Contact Points","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vehicle Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.01.020","article-title":"Multibody Simulation of Railway Vehicles With Contact Lookup Tables","volume":"155","author":"Escalona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-019-09708-x","article-title":"Railway Multibody Simulation With the Knife-Edge-Equivalent Wheel\u2013Rail Constraint Equations","volume":"48","author":"Escalona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2021.2004948","article-title":"A Semi-Online Spatial Wheel-Rail Contact Detection Method","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rail Transport."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/00423110600870337","article-title":"A Comprehensive Method for the Elastic Calculation of the Two-Point Wheel\u2013Rail Contact","volume":"44","author":"Santamar\u00eda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vehicle Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3187211","article-title":"On the Contact Search Algorithms for Wheel\/Rail Contact Problems","volume":"4","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Nonlinear Dyn."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2010.539237","article-title":"A New Method for Determining Wheel\u2013Rail Multi-Point Contact","volume":"49","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vehicle Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3901\/CJME.2013.03.518","article-title":"Multi-Point Contact of the High-Speed Vehicle-Turnout System Dynamics","volume":"26","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2020.103803","article-title":"Analysis of the Two-Point Wheel-Rail Contact Scenario Using the Knife-Edge-Equivalent Contact Constraint Method","volume":"148","author":"Aceituno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-007-9094-y","article-title":"Application of a Wheel\u2013Rail Contact Model to Railway Dynamics in Small Radius Curved Tracks","volume":"19","author":"Pombo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01582907","article-title":"An Interior Point Algorithm to Solve Computationally Difficult Set Covering Problems","volume":"52","author":"Karmarkar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022645805569","article-title":"Links Between Linear Bilevel and Mixed 0\u20131 Programming Problems","volume":"93","author":"Audet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008770914218","article-title":"Bregman Proximal Relaxation of Large-Scale 0\u20131 Problems","volume":"15","author":"Kiwiel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Optim. Appl."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","unstructured":"Ng, K. M. , 2022, \u201cA Continuation Approach for Solving Nonlinear Optimization Problems With Discrete Variables,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, San Francisco, CA."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10589-008-9218-1","article-title":"An Algorithm for Nonlinear Optimization Problems With Binary Variables","volume":"47","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Optim. Appl."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1843","article-title":"Topology Optimization of Material-Nonlinear Continuum Structures by the Element Connectivity Parameterization","volume":"69","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1721448","article-title":"Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Archard","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-006-0087-x","article-title":"Morphology-Based Black and White Filters for Topology Optimization","volume":"33","author":"Sigmund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscipl. Optim."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finel.2022.103758","article-title":"Minimizing Creep Deformation via Topology Optimization","volume":"207","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Finite Elements Anal. Des."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.3072","article-title":"Filters in Topology Optimization Based on Helmholtz-Type Differential Equations","volume":"86","author":"Lazarov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-022-01615-8","article-title":"Size-Controlled Cross-Scale Robust Topology Optimization Based on Adaptive Subinterval Dimension-Wise Method Considering Interval Uncertainties","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","first-page":"104","article-title":"MMA and GCMMA, Versions September 2007","author":"Svanberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optim. Syst. Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620240207","article-title":"The Method of Moving Asymptotes\u2014A New Method for Structural Optimization","volume":"24","author":"Svanberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2020.1798472","article-title":"Wheel Profile Optimisation for Mitigating Flange Wear on Metro Wheels and Verification Through Wear Prediction","volume":"59","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vehicle Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57267","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2873903","article-title":"An Accurate and Fast Method to Inspect Rail Wear Based on Revised Global Registration","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044319","article-title":"Sparse Scaling Iterative Closest Point for Rail Profile Inspection","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab2e38","article-title":"Dynamic Inspection of a Rail Profile Under Affine Distortion Based on the Reweighted-Scaling Iterative Closest Point Method","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2023032910500946300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa8691","article-title":"Novel Method for Rail Wear Inspection Based on the Sparse Iterative Closest Point Method","volume":"28","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/23\/5\/051006\/6997403\/jcise_23_5_051006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/23\/5\/051006\/6997403\/jcise_23_5_051006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T01:26:12Z","timestamp":1701912372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/23\/5\/051006\/1159626\/A-Physics-Driven-Method-for-Determining-Wheel-Rail"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4056921","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-9827"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1944-7078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"article-number":"051006"}}