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However, it's dangerous for spinal fusion cages, which usually act as stabilizers, to sacrifice global stiffness for bone ingrowth. Intentional design on internal mechanical environment might be a promising approach to promote osseointegration without undermining global stiffness excessively. In this study, three porous cages with different architectures were designed to provide distinct internal mechanical environments for bone remodeling during spinal fusion process. A design space optimization-topology optimization based algorithm was utilized to numerically reproduce the mechano-driven bone ingrowth process under three daily load cases, and the fusion outcomes were analyzed in terms of bone morphological parameters and bone-cage stability. Simulation results show that the uniform cage with higher compliance induces deeper bone ingrowth than the optimized graded cage. Whereas, the optimized graded cage with the lowest compliance exhibits the lowest stress at the bone-cage interface and better mechanical stability. Combining the advantages of both, the strain-enhanced cage with locally weakened struts offers extra mechanical stimulus while keeping relatively low compliance, leading to more bone formation and the best mechanical stability. Thus, the internal mechanical environment can be well-designed via tailoring architectures to promote bone ingrowth and achieve a long-term bone-scaffold stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:53:30Z","timestamp":1683291210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Internal Mechanical Environment of Porous Scaffolds on Mechano-driven Bone Ingrowth: A Numerical Study"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Mengke","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China ; , Hong Kong 999077, China ; , Shenzhen 518045, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Nanjing 210096, China ; , Hong Kong 999077, China ; , Shenzhen 518045, China"},{"name":"CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute , Nanjing 210096, China ; , Hong Kong 999077, China ; , Shenzhen 518045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518057, China ; , Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Mindray Scientific Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518057, China ; , Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077, China ; Shenzhen 518045, China ; Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, , Hong Kong 999077, China ; Shenzhen 518045, China ; Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Greater Bay Joint Division, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, , Hong Kong 999077, China ; Shenzhen 518045, China ; Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023053112555442800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2015.1","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Trabecular Titanium Orthopedic Implants","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"2023053112555442800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012","article-title":"Topological Design and Additive Manufacturing of Porous Metals for Bone Scaffolds and Orthopaedic Implants: A Review","volume":"83","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023053112555442800_bib3","first-page":"584","article-title":"Bone Remodeling and Mechanobiology Around Implants: Insights From Small Animal Imaging","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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