{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:29:01Z","timestamp":1791426541485,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008760","name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTNH2215D00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTNH2215D00016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to compare the kinematics of the head-neck, torso, pelvis, and lower extremities and document injuries and their patterns to small female occupants in frontal impacts with upright and reclined postures using an experimental model. Six postmortem human surrogates (PMHS) with a mean stature of 154\u2009\u00b1\u20099.0\u2009cm and mass of 49\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009kg were equally divided between upright and reclined groups (seatback: 25\u2009deg and 45 deg), restrained by a three-point integrated belt, positioned on a semirigid seat, and exposed to low and moderate crash velocities (15\u2009km\/h and 32\u2009km\/h respectively). The response between the upright and reclined postures was similar in magnitude and curve morphology. While none of the differences were statistically significant, the thoracic spine demonstrated increased downward (+Z) displacement, and the head demonstrated an increased horizontal (+X) displacement for the reclined occupants. In contrast, the upright occupants showed a slightly increased downward (+Z) displacement at the head, but the torso displaced primarily along the +X direction. The posture angles between the two groups were similar at the pelvis and different at the thorax and head. At 32\u2009km\/h, both cohorts exhibited multiple rib failure, with upright specimens having a greater number of severe fractures. Although MAIS was the same in both groups, the upright specimens had more bi-cortical rib fractures, suggesting the potential for pneumothorax. This preliminary study may be useful in validating physical (ATDs) and computational (HBMs) surrogates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T21:12:07Z","timestamp":1686345127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Small Female Occupant Response in Reclined and Upright Seated Postures in Frontal Impacts"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Karthik","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Hauschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Driesslein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib1","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib2","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib3","first-page":"11","article-title":"Seating Positions and Activities in Highly Automated Cars\u2013a Qualitative Study of Future Automated Driving Scenarios","volume-title":"International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib4","first-page":"83","article-title":"Kinematic and Injury Response of Reclined PMHS in Frontal Impacts","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib5","article-title":"Investigation of Potential Injury Patterns and Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Impact With PMHS in Reclined Postures","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAE"},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib6","article-title":"Obese Occupant Response in Reclined and Upright Seated Postures in Frontal Impacts","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAE"},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib7","first-page":"411","article-title":"Kinematics and Dynamics of the Pelvis in the Process of Submarining Using PMHS Sled Tests","volume":"56","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib8","first-page":"93","article-title":"Reference PMHS Sled Tests toAssessSubmarining of the Small Female","volume":"62","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012901014358700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2016.1193599","article-title":"Small Female Rib Cage Fracture in Frontal Sled Tests","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prev."},{"key":"2025012901014358700_bib10","first-page":"203","article-title":"Reference PMHS Sled Tests to Assess Submarining","volume":"59","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012901014358700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000192684.12046.93","article-title":"Bone Mineral Density of Human Female Cervical and Lumbar Spines From Quantitative Computed Tomography","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012901014358700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9422-7","article-title":"Upper Neck Forces and Moments and Cranial Angular Accelerations in Lateral Impact","volume":"36","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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