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In this paper, we discuss the concept and the development of HDTs, focusing on their architecture, key enabling technologies, and (potential) applications. Based on the literature, we identify personal data, model, and interface as three key modules in the proposed HDT architecture, supported by a data lake of human data and a model and interface library. Regarding the key enabling technologies that support the HDT functions, we envision that the internet of things (IoT) infrastructure, data security, wearables, human modeling, explainable artificial intelligence (AI), minimum viable sensing, and data visualization are closely associated with the development of HDTs. Finally, we investigate current applications of HDTs, with a particular emphasis on the opportunities that arise from leveraging HDTs in the field of personalized product design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4063132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T03:03:06Z","timestamp":1691463786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Human Digital Twin, the Development and Impact on Design"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yu (Wolf)","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, , Delft , 2628 CE, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082516335736700_CIT0001","article-title":"Digital Twins and Living Models at Nasa","author":"Danette Allen","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023082516335736700_CIT0002","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems","author":"Grieves","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023082516335736700_CIT0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Digital Twin Paradigm for Future NASA and U.S. Air Force Vehicles","author":"Glaessgen","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023082516335736700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40323-020-00147-4","article-title":"How to Tell the Difference Between a Model and a Digital Twin","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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