{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T16:28:35Z","timestamp":1785688115232,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Behind armor blunt trauma (BABT), resulting from dynamic deformation of protective ballistic armor into the thorax, is currently assessed assuming a constant threshold of maximum backface deformation (BFDs) (44\u2009mm). Although assessed for multiple impacts on the same armor, testing is focused on armor performance (shot-to-edge and shot-to-shot) without consideration of the underlying location on the thorax. Previous studies identified the importance of impacts on organs of animal surrogates wearing soft armor. However, the effect of impact location was not quantified outside the threshold of 44\u2009mm. In the present study, a validated biofidelic advanced human thorax model (50th percentile male) was utilized to assess the BABT outcome from varying impact location. The thorax model was dynamically loaded using a method developed for recreating BABT impacts, and BABT events within the range of real-world impact severities and locations were simulated. It was found that thorax injury depended on impact location for the same BFDs. Generally, impacts over high compliance locations (anterolateral rib cage) yielded increased thoracic compression and loading on the lungs leading to pulmonary lung contusion (PLC). Impacts at low compliance locations (top of sternum) yielded hard tissue fractures. Injuries to the sternum, ribs, and lungs were predicted at BFDs lower than 44\u2009mm for low compliance locations. Location-based injury risk curves demonstrated greater accuracy in injury prediction. This study quantifies the importance of impact location on BABT injury severity and demonstrates the need for consideration of location in future armor design and assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4063273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T14:04:19Z","timestamp":1693404259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact Location Dependence of Behind Armor Blunt Trauma Injury Assessed Using a Human Body Finite Element Model"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8028-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MME, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane S.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MME, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2\u2009L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013005371839600_bib1","volume-title":"ADA049463","year":"1977"},{"key":"2024013005371839600_bib2","article-title":"Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor","volume-title":"0101.06","author":"National Institute of Justice","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024013005371839600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197812000-00007","article-title":"A New Nonpenetrating Ballistic Injury","volume":"188","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. 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