{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:39:00Z","timestamp":1792517940558,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cervical remodeling is critical for a healthy pregnancy. Premature tissue changes can lead to preterm birth (PTB), and the absence of remodeling can lead to post-term birth, causing significant morbidity. Comprehensive characterization of cervical material properties is necessary to uncover the mechanisms behind abnormal cervical softening. Quantifying cervical material properties during gestation is challenging in humans. Thus, a nonhuman primate (NHP) model is employed for this study. In this study, cervical tissue samples were collected from Rhesus macaques before pregnancy and at three gestational time points. Indentation and tension mechanical tests were conducted, coupled with digital image correlation (DIC), constitutive material modeling, and inverse finite element analysis (IFEA) to characterize the equilibrium material response of the macaque cervix during pregnancy. Results show, as gestation progresses: (1) the cervical fiber network becomes more extensible (nonpregnant versus pregnant locking stretch: 2.03\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09 versus 2.99\u2009\u00b1\u20091.39) and less stiff (nonpregnant versus pregnant initial stiffness: 272\u2009\u00b1\u2009252\u2009kPa versus 43\u2009\u00b1\u200943\u2009kPa); (2) the ground substance compressibility does not change much (nonpregnant versus pregnant bulk modulus: 1.37\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82\u2009kPa versus 2.81\u2009\u00b1\u20092.81\u2009kPa); (3) fiber network dispersion increases, moving from aligned to randomly oriented (nonpregnant versus pregnant concentration coefficient: 1.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.46 versus 0.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20); and (4) the largest change in fiber stiffness and dispersion happen during the second trimester. These results, for the first time, reveal the remodeling process of a nonhuman primate cervix and its distinct regimes throughout the entire pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4064558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T16:30:30Z","timestamp":1706200230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Equilibrium Mechanical Properties of the Nonhuman Primate Cervix"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyang","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy-Sarah Y.","family":"Vink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Feltovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare , Park City, UT 84060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024032115262606500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.07.003","article-title":"Precocious Cervical Ripening as a Screening Target to Predict Spontaneous Preterm Delivery Among Asymptomatic Singleton Pregnancies: A Systematic Review","volume":"212","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. 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