{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:39:27Z","timestamp":1769193567883,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an era characterized by the increasing complexity of products and the rapid turnover of the workforce across different companies, there is a growing need to invest significantly in quick and efficient training methods. Concurrently, the advancement of digitalization has rendered certain training practices anchored to paper-based materials obsolete. Numerous companies are directing their investments toward digital training, yet the optimal format to exploit the full advantages of digitalization remains unclear. This study undertakes a comparison of four distinct digital versions of the same training process with the aim of comprehending the tangible benefits. The findings indicate that to fully capitalize on the advantages of digital technology, a complete rethinking of training practices is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4064797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T14:39:57Z","timestamp":1708353597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Case Study on Digital Training: Benefits and Unexplored Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Carulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Milano 20154 , Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rossoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Milano 20159 , Italy"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Spadoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Design, , Milano 20156 , Italy"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Dozio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Milano 20156 , Italy"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Giussani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Milano 20133 , Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ferrise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Milano 20156 , Italy"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bordegoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Milano 20156 , Italy"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8799.001.0001","volume-title":"Engineering Systems: Meeting Human Needs in a Complex Technological World","author":"De Weck","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4052391","article-title":"The Dark Side of Modularity: How Decomposing Problems Can Increase System Complexity","volume":"144","author":"Topcu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-12-2021-0920","article-title":"The Great Resignation: The Great Knowledge Exodus or the Onset of the Great Knowledge Revolution?","volume":"27","author":"Serenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxic Culture Is Driving the Great Resignation","volume":"63","author":"Sull","year":"2022","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Manag. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.471","article-title":"The Science of Training: A Decade of Progress","volume":"52","author":"Salas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484313497947","article-title":"Training Methods","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ijtd.12172","article-title":"Digital Technologies in Training and Adult Education","volume":"24","author":"Gegenfurtner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Train. Dev."},{"issue":"1162","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000004231","article-title":"The Impact of Flight Simulation in Aerospace","volume":"114","author":"Allerton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aeronaut. J."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0009","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Potential of Virtual Reality for Aerospace Applications","author":"Pirker","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual Industrial Training: Joining Innovative Interfaces With Plant Modeling","author":"Limongelli","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.012","article-title":"A Digital Twin to Train Deep Reinforcement Learning Agent for Smart Manufacturing Plants: Environment, Interfaces and Intelligence","volume":"58","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00434-w","article-title":"Adaptive Virtual Reality-Based Training: A Systematic Literature Review and Framework","volume":"24","author":"Zahabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2016.09.001","article-title":"An Overview of Self-Adaptive Technologies Within Virtual Reality Training","volume":"22","author":"Vaughan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/00958964.2022.2152410","article-title":"Using Mixed Reality (XR) Immersive Learning to Enhance Environmental Education","volume":"54","author":"Aguayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100597","article-title":"The Learning-by-Doing Principle","volume":"17","author":"Reese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Dev. Bull."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0016","first-page":"130","article-title":"inScent","author":"Dobbelstein","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2071396.2071398","article-title":"The Sweet Smell of Success","volume":"8","author":"Ghinea","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2017.1381744","article-title":"Olfactory Cues are More Effective Than Visual Cues in Experimentally Triggering Autobiographical Memories","volume":"26","author":"de Bruijn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0019","article-title":"Enabling Technologies for Industry 5.0 \u2013 Results of a Workshop with Europe's Technology Leaders","author":"Muller","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12293","article-title":"Virtual Reality and Situated Experiential Education: A Conceptualization and Exploratory Trial","volume":"34","author":"Schott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2021.100804","article-title":"More Than Experience?-On the Unique Opportunities of Virtual Reality to Afford a Holistic Experiential Learning Cycle","volume":"50","author":"Fromm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0022","first-page":"80","article-title":"Virtual Reality: Opening Doorways to Experiential Learning for Students","author":"Trudeau","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0364-1","article-title":"Verification of the Possibility and Effectiveness of Experiential Learning Using hmd-Based Immersive vr Technologies","volume":"23","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","article-title":"A Study of How Immersion and Interactivity Drive vr Learning","volume":"179","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102506","article-title":"Memory of Virtual Experiences: Role of Immersion, Emotion and Sense of Presence","volume":"144","author":"Cadet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742509","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.742509","article-title":"The Interplay Between Presence and Learning","volume":"3","author":"Ochs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual Reality Classroom Applied to Science Education","author":"Liou","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1057\/jos.2014.14","article-title":"Virtual Reality for Medical Training: The State-of-the-Art","volume":"9","author":"Ruthenbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Simul."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1765392","article-title":"Virtual Reality in Language Learning: A Systematic Review and Implications for Research and Practice","volume":"31","author":"Parmaxi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0030","first-page":"461","article-title":"Exploring Virtual Reality for Developing Soft-Skills in STEM Education","author":"Hickman","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnlssr.2020.11.004","article-title":"Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies for Emergency Management in the Built Environments: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saf. Sci. Resil."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0032","first-page":"82","article-title":"A Comparison of Still, Animated, or Nonillustrated On-Line Help With Written or Spoken Instructions in a Graphical User Interface","author":"Harrison","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0033","first-page":"311","article-title":"Identification and Validation of Cognitive Design Principles for Automated Generation of Assembly Instructions","author":"Heiser","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.1.64","article-title":"When Less is More: Meaningful Learning From Visual and Verbal Summaries of Science Textbook Lessons","volume":"88","author":"Mayer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/10748120110424843","article-title":"Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 2: Do They Really Think Differently?","volume":"9","author":"Prensky","year":"2001","journal-title":"On Horizon"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2007.00793.x","article-title":"The \u2018Digital Natives' Debate: A Critical Review of the Evidence","volume":"39","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Season Traveller: Multisensory Narration for Enhancing the Virtual Reality Experience","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22216-1_29","volume-title":"Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Human Body and Motion","author":"Grabowski","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of AR-Based, VR-Based, and Traditional Basic Life Support Training","author":"Yigitbas","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06018-2_25","volume-title":"Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Health, Operations Management, and Design","author":"Kanade","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2012.762612","article-title":"Designing Interaction With Consumer Products in a Multisensory Virtual Reality Environment","volume":"8","author":"Bordegoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3010088","article-title":"Do Multisensory Stimuli Benefit the Virtual Reality Experience? A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524861.001.0001","volume-title":"Crossmodal Space and Crossmodal Attention","author":"Spence","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-2521-1","volume-title":"Human Olfactory Displays and Interfaces","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2010.03.012","article-title":"How Do You Feel When You Smell This? Optimization of a Verbal Measurement of Odor-Elicited Emotions","volume":"21","author":"Porcherot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Qual. Preference"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030904","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033229","article-title":"Evaluating Industrial Products in an Innovative Visual-Olfactory Environment","volume":"16","author":"Bordegoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-032-007","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of Odour Integration in Reading and Learning Experiences","volume":"32","author":"Bordegoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"ID&A Interact. Des. Archit."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0048","first-page":"43","article-title":"Projection Based Olfactory Display with Nose Tracking","author":"Yanagida","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-010-0581-4","article-title":"Olfaction-Enhanced Multimedia: Perspectives and Challenges","volume":"55","author":"Ghinea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0050","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Survey of Olfactory Displays: Making and Delivering Scents","author":"Yanagida","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053075","article-title":"Multisensory Virtual Reality for Delivering Training Content to Machinery Operators","volume":"22","author":"Bordegoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/mti5100064","article-title":"An Overview of Olfactory Displays in Education and Training","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol. Interact."},{"issue":"7","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa049","article-title":"Smell-Based Memory Training: Evidence of Olfactory Learning and Transfer to the Visual Domain","volume":"45","author":"Olofsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0054","first-page":"213","article-title":"The Future of Learning Multisensory Experiences: Visual, Audio, Smell and Taste Senses","author":"Klasnja-Milicevic","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0055","volume-title":"Fragrance: The Psychology and Biology of Perfume","author":"Van Toller","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0056","first-page":"245","article-title":"Effects of Peppermint and Cinnamon Odor Administration on Simulated Driving Alertness, Mood and Workload","volume":"11","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2023.174-189","article-title":"Prototyping of an Olfactory Display Supported by CFD Simulations","volume":"20","author":"Rossoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des. Applic."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024501","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062889","article-title":"An Open-Source Olfactory Display to Add the Sense of Smell to the Metaverse","volume":"24","author":"Lukasiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0059","volume-title":"Therapeutic Gardens: Design for Healing Spaces","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0060","volume-title":"The Scent of Desire: Discovering our Enigmatic Sense of Smell","author":"Herz","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0061","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Usability Evaluation in Industry","author":"Brooke","year":"1996"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0062","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Advances in Psychology","author":"Hart","year":"1988"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909","article-title":"Nasa-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later","volume":"50","author":"Hart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring Emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","article-title":"The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Witmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0067","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smellware: Olfactory Feedback for Code Smell in Software Development","author":"Tsai","year":"2012"},{"issue":"27\u201328","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-08763-3","article-title":"Using Olfactory Media Cues in e-Learning \u2013 Perspectives From an Empirical Investigation","volume":"79","author":"Alkasasbeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041814544974700_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"060806","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062455","article-title":"Exploring the Intersection of Metaverse, Digital Twins, and Artificial Intelligence in Training and Maintenance","volume":"23","author":"Bordegoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/24\/5\/051006\/7329380\/jcise_24_5_051006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/24\/5\/051006\/7329380\/jcise_24_5_051006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T21:08:27Z","timestamp":1731359307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/24\/5\/051006\/1197170\/A-Case-Study-on-Digital-Training-Benefits-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4064797","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"article-number":"051006"}}