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Currently, the cell\u2013matrix interactions involved in the development of tendinopathy are not fully understood. In vitro tendon models provide a unique tool for addressing this knowledge gap as they permit fine control over biochemical, micromechanical, and structural aspects of the local environment to explore cell\u2013matrix interactions. In this study, direct-write, near-field electrospinning of gelatin solution was implemented to fabricate micron-scale fibrous scaffolds that mimic native collagen fiber size and orientation. The stiffness of these fibrous scaffolds was found to be controllable between 1\u2009MPa and 8\u2009MPa using different crosslinking methods (EDC, DHT, DHT+EDC) or through altering the duration of crosslinking with EDC (1\u2009h to 24\u2009h). EDC crosslinking provided the greatest fiber stability, surviving up to 3\u2009weeks in vitro. Differences in stiffness resulted in phenotypic changes for equine tenocytes with low stiffness fibers (\u223c1\u2009MPa) promoting an elongated nuclear aspect ratio while those on high stiffness fibers (\u223c8\u2009MPa) were rounded. High stiffness fibers resulted in the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and proteoglycans (possible indicators for tendinopathy) relative to low stiffness fibers. These results demonstrate the feasibility of direct-written gelatin scaffolds as tendon in vitro models and provide evidence that matrix mechanical properties may be crucial factors in cell\u2013matrix interactions during tendinopathy formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4065163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T05:53:39Z","timestamp":1711432419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Controlled Stiffness of Direct-Write, Near-Field Electrospun Gelatin Fibers Generates Differences in Tenocyte Morphology and Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Zachary G.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew W.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04tj63d06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh, NC 27695"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant M.","family":"Scull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren V.","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04tj63d06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Raleigh, NC 27695 ; , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025042120023142300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11040078","article-title":"The Role of Scaffolds in Tendon Tissue Engineering","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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