{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:46:01Z","timestamp":1790768761935,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET-2028474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET-2028474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Vaginal childbirth is the final phase of pregnancy when one or more fetuses pass through the birth canal from the uterus, and it is a biomechanical process. The uterine active contraction, causing the pushing force on the fetus, plays a vital role in regulating the fetus delivery process. In this project, the active contraction behaviors of muscle tissue were first modeled and investigated. After that, a finite element method (FEM) model to simulate the uterine cyclic active contraction and delivery of a fetus was developed in ls-dyna. The active contraction was driven through contractile fibers modeled as one-dimensional truss elements, with the Hill material model governing their response. Fibers were assembled in the longitudinal, circumferential, and normal (transverse) directions to correspond to tissue microstructure, and they were divided into seven regions to represent the strong anisotropy of the fiber distribution and activity within the uterus. The passive portion of the uterine tissue was modeled with a Neo Hookean hyperelastic material model. Three active contraction cycles were modeled. The cyclic uterine active contraction behaviors were analyzed. Finally, the fetus delivery through the uterus was simulated. The model of the uterine active contraction presented in this paper modeled the contractile fibers in three-dimensions, considered the anisotropy of the fiber distribution, provided the uterine cyclic active contraction and propagation of the contraction waves, performed a large deformation, and caused the pushing effect on the fetus. This model will be combined with a model of pelvic structures so that a complete system simulating the second stage of the delivery process of a fetus can be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4065341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1713454235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation of Uterus Active Contraction and Fetus Delivery in <scp>ls-dyna<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Ru","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824 ; , East Lansing, MI 48823 ; , Albany, NY 12222"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824 ; , East Lansing, MI 48823 ; , Albany, NY 12222"},{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany , East Lansing, MI 48824 ; , East Lansing, MI 48823 ; , Albany, NY 12222"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024082807192201200_bib1","first-page":"589","article-title":"Lack of Progress in Labour as a Reason for Cesarean","volume":"2","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. J. Babylon"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082807192201200_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomechanics of the Human Uterus","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082807192201200_bib3","first-page":"131","article-title":"Arrangement of Muscle Fibers in the Myometrium of the Human Uterus: A Mesoscopic Study","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"MOJ Anat. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082807192201200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24114","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the Normal Human Uterus In Vivo at 3 Tesla: Comparison of DTI Parameters in the Different Uterine Layers","volume":"38","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"1019","key":"2024082807192201200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/76693739","article-title":"In Vivo 3T MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Detection of the Fibre Architecture of the Human Uterus: A Feasibility and Quantitative Study","volume":"85","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082807192201200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20274","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Fiber Architecture of the Nonpregnant Human Uterus Determined Ex Vivo Using Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging","volume":"288A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. - Part A Discov. Mol., Cellular, Evol. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2024082807192201200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5518","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.397041","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Collagen Fiber Mapping and Tractography of Human Uterine Tissue Using OCT","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024082807192201200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02769-0","article-title":"Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of the Human Uterus Measured by Spherical Indentation","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1049","key":"2024082807192201200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150043","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150043","article-title":"3-T Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of Normal Uterus in Young and Middle-Aged Females During the Menstrual Cycle: Evaluation of the Cyclic Changes of Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) Values","volume":"88","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024082807192201200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02718-3","article-title":"Forces Involved With Labor and Delivery\u2014A Biomechanical Perspective","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082807192201200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.040","article-title":"Why the Heart is Like an Orchestra and the Uterus is Like a Soccer Crowd","volume":"213","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082807192201200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00666.x","article-title":"Uterine Activity in Induced Labour","volume":"82","year":"1975","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"41","key":"2024082807192201200_bib13","article-title":"Normal and Abnormal Uterine Contractility in Labour","volume":"2","year":"1955","journal-title":"Triangle"},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.01.016","article-title":"Measuring the Compressive Viscoelastic Mechanical Properties of Human Cervical Tissue Using Indentation","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib15","first-page":"106348","article-title":"Material Properties of Nonpregnant and Pregnant Human Uterine Layers","volume":"151","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082807192201200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3197847","article-title":"A Study of the Anisotropy and Tension\/Compression Behavior of Human Cervical Tissue","volume":"132","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib17","first-page":"105875","article-title":"A Finite Porous-Viscoelastic Model Capturing Mechanical Behavior of Human Cervix Under Multi-Step Spherical Indentation","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.07.062","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Hyperelastic Constitutive Model Describing the Mechanical Response of Human and Mouse Cervix","volume":"150","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082807192201200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036259","article-title":"A Parameterized Ultrasound-Based Finite Element Analysis of the Mechanical Environment of Pregnancy","volume":"139","year":"2017","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024082807192201200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.08.007","article-title":"Computer Modeling Tools to Understand the Causes of Preterm Birth","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib21","article-title":"Biomechanical Modeling of Cesarean Section Scars and Scar Defects","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082807192201200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014908","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4901450","article-title":"Toughening in Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"APL Mater"},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105099","article-title":"Computational Modeling in Pregnancy Biomechanics Research","volume":"128","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2024082807192201200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.011","article-title":"The Influence of the Material Properties on the Biomechanical Behavior of the Pelvic Floor Muscles During Vaginal Delivery","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"20","key":"2024082807192201200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10821","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010821","article-title":"A Simulation Analysis of Maternal Pelvic Floor Muscle","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib26","first-page":"5263","article-title":"A Biomechanical Model of the Female Reproductive System and the Fetus for the Realization of a Childbirth Virtual Simulator","volume-title":"31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering the Future of Biomedicine, EMBC 2009","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082807192201200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.04.005","article-title":"Biomechanical Simulation of the Fetal Descent Without Imposed Theoretical Trajectory","volume":"111","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods. Programs. Biomed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082807192201200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1081286513507940","article-title":"A Model and Simulation of Uterine Contractions","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Math. Mech. Solids"},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.08.001","article-title":"An Electro-Mechanical Multiscale Model of Uterine Pregnancy Contraction","volume":"77","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082807192201200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-019-01117-5","article-title":"Simulation of the Uterine Contractions and Foetus Expulsion Using a Chemo-Mechanical Constitutive Model","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"issue":"843","key":"2024082807192201200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1938.0050","article-title":"The Heat of Shortening and the Dynamic Constants of Muscle","volume":"126","year":"1938","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082807192201200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00980.2006","article-title":"Parenchymal Tethering, Airway Wall Stiffness, and the Dynamics of Bronchoconstriction","volume":"102","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082807192201200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1988.3.3.124","article-title":"Muscle Cells of Hollow Organs","volume":"3","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib34","volume-title":"Muscle Responses of Car Occupants: Numerical Modeling and Volunteer Experiments Under Pre-Crash Braking Conditions","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082807192201200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.01.011","article-title":"Human Birth Observed in Real-Time Open Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"206","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082807192201200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26868","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the Cesarean-Scarred Uterus In Vivo at 3T: Comparison Study of DTI Parameters Between Nonpregnant and Pregnant Cases","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082807192201200_bib37","first-page":"276","article-title":"The Fibre System of Connective Tissue in the Childbearing Age, Menopause, and Pregnancy","volume":"210","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Gynakol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082807192201200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.931949","article-title":"A Human Body Model With Active Muscles for Simulation of Pretensioned Restraints in Autonomous Braking Interventions","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"2024082807192201200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.02.026","article-title":"Duration of Spontaneous Labour in \u2018Low-Risk\u2019 Women With \u2018Normal\u2019 Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"223","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082807192201200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3109\/00016346009157836","article-title":"The Causes of Foetal Head Moulding in Labour","volume":"39","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082807192201200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4064594","article-title":"Simulation of the Childbirth Process in LS-DYNA","volume":"146","year":"2024","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/146\/10\/101002\/7368053\/bio_146_10_101002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/146\/10\/101002\/7368053\/bio_146_10_101002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:19:59Z","timestamp":1724829599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/146\/10\/101002\/1199443\/Simulation-of-Uterus-Active-Contraction-and-Fetus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4065341","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"article-number":"101002"}}