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However, this process can induce temperatures exceeding 70\u2009\u00b0C due to the low thermal conductivity of cortical bone, potentially leading to thermal osteonecrosis. Furthermore, significant cutting forces and torque pose risks of tool breakage and bone damage, underlining the need for high precision and optimal processing parameters. Traditionally, drilling relies on the surgeon's experience and often results in imprecise outcomes due to inconsistent feed rates. Therefore, this study proposes the use of a 6-axis robot for controlled drilling, offering precise control over angular velocities and consistent feed rates. Additionally, explore the use of cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN2) as a novel cooling method compared to conventional saline solutions, examining its efficacy under various cutting conditions. The results demonstrate that LN2 cooling conditions lead to a reduction in thrust and torque under specific processing conditions, and facilitate smoother chip evacuation. Additionally, LN2 significantly lowers the peak temperature around the drilling site, thus minimizing the risk of thermal osteonecrosis. Consequently, the use of a 6-axis robot provides consistent feed rates, and LN2 cooling achieves optimal processing conditions, enabling a more controlled and effective drilling process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4066022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T11:03:53Z","timestamp":1721646233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Analysis of Robotic Cortical Bone Specimen Drilling Performance: Effect of Cryogen"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Ju-Hyung","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongnam Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , 25, Yeonkkot-ro 165beon-gil, Jeongchon-myeon, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52845, South Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfph657","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Hyeok","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Gyeongsangdae-ro, 2559, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbukd-do 37224, South Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kyungpook National University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Woo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Gyeongsang National University , Charyong-ro, 48beon-gil, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, South Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00saywf64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Gyeongsang National University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Gyeongsangdae-ro, 2559, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbukd-do 37224, South Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kyungpook National University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongnam Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , 25, Yeonkkot-ro 165beon-gil, Jeongchon-myeon, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52845, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024100706185915300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.11.003","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Mineral Crystals Are Related to Impaired Mechanical Function of Cortical Bone","volume":"34","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100706185915300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00228-7","article-title":"Changes in the Stiffness, Strength, and Toughness of Human Cortical Bone With Age","volume":"22","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024100706185915300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199905)45:2<108::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"The Role of Collagen in the Declining Mechanical Properties of Aging Human Cortical Bone","volume":"45","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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