{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:48:34Z","timestamp":1782326914558,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Crash avoidance vehicle maneuvers are known to influence occupant posture and kinematics which consequently may influence injury risks in the event of a crash. In this work, a generic buck vehicle finite element (FE) model was developed which included the vehicle interior and the front passenger airbag (PAB). Seat position and occupant characteristics including anthropometry, sex, and age were varied in a design of experiments. Two pre-crash maneuvers representing (1) a generic 1\u2009g braking and (2) turning-and-braking scenarios were simulated. Rigid-body human models with active joints (GHBMCsi-pre models) obtained by morphing a 50th male model to selected anthropometries were used in pre-crash simulations. The kinematics data of belted GHBMCsi-pre models at the end of the pre-crash phase were transferred using a developed switch algorithm to the corresponding morphed Global Human Body Model Consortium (GHBMC) occupant simplified (OS) models to predict occupant injury risks. Finally, an FMVSS-208 pulse was applied to simulate the in-crash phase. During both pre-crash maneuvers, the occupant's head and thorax moved forward toward the dashboard. Therefore, the head and thorax contacted the PAB earlier, leading to lower head accelerations when the pre-crash phase was considered. Overall, it was concluded that pre-crash braking decreased the severity of injury sustained by the passenger. Seat track position and seat recline angle showed the highest influence on the head injury criterion (HIC). The brain injury criterion (BrIC) and neck injury criterion (Nij) were most sensitive to pre-crash maneuver type, seat recline angle, and occupant size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4067331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T12:53:22Z","timestamp":1733403202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Influence of Occupant Characteristics, Seat Positioning, and Pre-Crash Maneuvers on Front Passenger Safety Performance"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4531-6639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshay","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1813-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costin","family":"Untaroiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012014492079800_bib1","first-page":"09","article-title":"Prediction of Pre-Impact Occupant Kinematic Behavior Based on the Muscle Activity During Frontal Collision","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st ESV Conference","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025012014492079800_bib2","unstructured":"Stockman, I., 2016, \u201cSafety for Children in Cars\u2014Focus on Three Point Seatbelts in Emergency Events,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden.https:\/\/publications.lib.chalmers.se\/records\/fulltext\/241824\/241824.pdf"},{"key":"2025012014492079800_bib3","article-title":"Influence of HIII 5% Dummy Tolerances on Positioning and Test Results in Out-of-Position Load Cases According to the FMVSS 208","volume-title":"ESV","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025012014492079800_bib4","article-title":"Volunteer Occupant Kinematics During Driver Initiated and Autonomous Braking When Driving in Real Traffic Environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025012014492079800_bib5","article-title":"Effect of Various Pre-Crash Braking Strategies on Simulated Human Kinematic Response With Varying Levels of Driver Attention","volume-title":"ESV","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025012014492079800_bib6","first-page":"323","article-title":"Thoracic Injury Investigation Using PMHS in Frontal Airbag Out-of-Position Situations","volume":"49","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012014492079800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.03.004","article-title":"Influence of Pre-Collision Occupant Parameters on Injury Outcome in a Frontal Collision","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. 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