{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T17:52:55Z","timestamp":1771523575810,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["US Naval Research Laboratory Core Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["US Naval Research Laboratory Core Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The work herein presents an effort to compute the spectral radiance emitted from plasma induced by the interaction of hypervelocity moving structural\/material systems with the atmosphere. The motivation for this effort originates from the need to compute the radiative heat fluxes imparted to hypersonic vehicles in order to enhance their design, control, and maintenance. In response to this need, a computational framework is established to predict the fluid dynamics fields around a hypervelocity vehicle. The framework is one-way coupled with an appropriate plasma physics model that enables the calculation of the plasma fields and plasma species dynamics. The framework is configured first to solve the fluid dynamics partial differential equations representing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy under steady-state conditions. The computed pressure, velocity, and temperature fields are subsequently utilized to drive the plasma physics partial differential equations describing the mass transport and energetics of all the species present according to the Dunn plasma model. An application of this framework for a spherical body in a wide range of initial velocities is presented to verify the framework\u2019s functionality. Typical distributions of the fluid and plasma dynamics are presented. Finally, the plasma spectral radiance distributions are produced by employing statistical mechanics principles and the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption database.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4068324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T16:28:14Z","timestamp":1743524894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Computational Modeling of Spectral Radiance Emitted by Atmospheric Plasma Induced by Hypersonic Flows"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Graber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Division, , , \u00a0","place":["Washington, DC, 20375"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Michopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Division, , , \u00a0","place":["Washington, DC, 20375"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios P.","family":"Iliopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Division, , , \u00a0","place":["Washington, DC, 20375"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Steuben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Division, , , DC","place":["Washington, 20375"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta A.","family":"Apetre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Division, , , \u00a0","place":["Washington, DC, 20375"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0001","first-page":"581","article-title":"CFD Validation for Hypersonic Flight-Hypersonic Double-Cone Flow Simulations","author":"Candler","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0002","author":"Paul","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3500680","article-title":"Modeling of the Plasma Generated in a Rarefied Hypersonic Shock Layer","volume":"22","author":"Farbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2019.01.003","article-title":"Infrared Radiation Characteristics of a Hypersonic Vehicle Under Time-Varying Angles of Attack","volume":"32","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"issue":"20","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202404","article-title":"Infrared Optical Observability of an Earth Entry Orbital Test Vehicle Using Ground-Based Remote Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0006","first-page":"125210N","volume-title":"Data Pipeline of a Multi-spectral Satellite Experiment for Object Detection and Artificial Intelligence-Based Processing","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A32771","article-title":"Laboratory Modeling of the Plasma Layer at Hypersonic Flight","volume":"51","author":"Shashurin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rockets"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0008","author":"Dunn","year":"1973"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0009","first-page":"143763","article-title":"Towards a Computational Framework for Hypervelocity-Induced Atmospheric Plasma Modeling","author":"Graber","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0010","volume-title":"Navier-Stokes Equations: Theory and Numerical Analysis","author":"Temam","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0011","volume-title":"Convective Heat and Mass Transfer","author":"Kays","year":"1980"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226764320.001.0001","volume-title":"Navier-Stokes Equations","author":"Constantin","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/3634","volume-title":"The Physics of Non-Ideal Plasma","author":"Fortov","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0014","volume-title":"Plasma Chemistry","author":"Fridman","year":"2012","edition":"online-ausg"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0015","volume-title":"Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","author":"Chen","year":"2018","edition":"3rd"},{"issue":"238","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1080\/14786441008636148","article-title":"LIII. Ionization in the Solar Chromosphere","volume":"40","author":"Saha","year":"1920","journal-title":"The Lond., Edinb., Dub. Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"issue":"697","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1921.0029","article-title":"On a Physical Theory of Stellar Spectra","volume":"99","author":"Saha","year":"1921","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Contain. Pap. Math. Phys. Charact."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2022.101927","article-title":"Plasma Formation in Ambient Fluid From Hypervelocity Impacts","volume":"58","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2023.104695","article-title":"Fluid\u2013Solid Coupled Simulation of Hypervelocity Impact and Plasma Formation","volume":"180","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/14\/4\/011","article-title":"Solving the Boltzmann Equation to Obtain Electron Transport Coefficients and Rate Coefficients for Fluid Models","volume":"14","author":"Hagelaar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plasma Sourc. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015015","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/25\/1\/015015","article-title":"Coulomb Collisions in the Boltzmann Equation for Electrons in Low-Temperature Gas Discharge Plasmas","volume":"25","author":"Hagelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Sourc. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1063\/1.352250","article-title":"Continuum Modeling of Radio-Frequency Glow Discharges. I. Theory and Results for Electropositive and Electronegative Gases","volume":"72","author":"Gogolides","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0023","volume-title":"Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics","author":"Balanis","year":"2012","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0024","volume-title":"Microwave\/RF Applicators and Probes for Material Heating, Sensing, and Plasma Generation a Design Guide","author":"Mehrdad Mehdizadeh","year":"2000","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0025","volume-title":"Waves in Plasmas","author":"Stix","year":"1992","edition":"1st"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/i260030a015","article-title":"Predicting Transport Properties of Dilute Gases","volume":"8","author":"Brokaw","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1678363","article-title":"Empirical Equations to Calculate 16 of the Transport Collision Integrals \u03a9(l,s)* for the Lennard-Jones (12\u20136) Potential","volume":"57","author":"Neufeld","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0028","author":"PARK"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ab252c","article-title":"Modelling N2\u2013O2 Plasmas: Volume and Surface Kinetics","volume":"28","author":"Guerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plasma Sourc. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0030","volume-title":"Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics","author":"Mihalas","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0031","volume-title":"The Theory of Heat Radiation","author":"Planck","year":"1914","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0032","volume-title":"Statistical Mechanics of Phases and Phase Transitions","author":"Kivelson","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2021.107896","article-title":"The Update of the Line Positions and Intensities in the Line List of Carbon Dioxide for the HITRAN2020 Spectroscopic Database","volume":"276","author":"Karlovets","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"issue":"15","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.3390\/s21154995","article-title":"Increasing the Reliability of Simulation Tests in Navigation and Maneuvering Simulators Using the K-Epsilon Model Based on the RANS Method","volume":"21","author":"Czaplewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0035"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.4208\/cicp.300810.240511a","article-title":"Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Method Using Weno-Type Limiters: Three-Dimensional Unstructured Meshes","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"19","key":"2025041615094139200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2012.05.026","article-title":"FIVER: A Finite Volume Method Based on Exact Two-Phase Riemann Problems and Sparse Grids for Multi-material Flows With Large Density Jumps","volume":"231","author":"Farhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4068324\/7456113\/jcise-24-1537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4068324\/7456113\/jcise-24-1537.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T19:09:49Z","timestamp":1744830589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/computingengineering\/article\/25\/7\/071005\/1214538\/Computational-Modeling-of-Spectral-Radiance"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4068324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"article-number":"071005"}}