{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:59:02Z","timestamp":1785895142016,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56HL172052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56HL172052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2244995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2244995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lung injuries lead to heterogeneous ventilation behavior in the lung parenchyma, and conventional methods used to assess lung health, such as spirometry, fall short of providing regional information about lung function. Dynamic medical imaging and image registration offer a powerful tool for estimating the kinematic behavior of lung parenchyma in vivo. However, the difficulty of validating lung deformation estimated by image registration has curbed widespread adoption in the clinic. In-silico images, reconstructed from finite element (FE) simulations, provide a method to verify the results estimated through image registration (IR). Our objective in this study was to use in-silico computed tomography (CT) images, reconstructed from FE simulations, to assess the accuracy of an image registration method. In this study, we used dynamic CT (4DCT) images from human patients to reconstruct the lungs and generate an FE mesh. In-silico simulations were performed using the lung FE mesh, and the results were used to generate in-silico dynamic CT images matching the resolution of the actual 4DCT images. Image registration was performed on the actual and in-silico images, and the results were compared to those from the FE simulation. Results indicated good agreement in displacement estimated by the FE simulations and the image registration of the actual and in-silico CT images. The difference in predicted displacement image registration of the actual CT images and the FE simulations was greatest at the main bronchi, with a value of 2.7\u2009mm. This result highlighted the effectiveness of the FE simulation-based method to generate in-silico CT images. The volumetric strain comparisons between actual 4DCT and the in-silico images were used to assess the method's accuracy. A new set of in-silico images was generated at a higher spatial resolution, resulting in improved agreement for the volumetric strain contours. We expect the method reported in this study to be applied to optimize medical imaging methods and investigate the behavior of various lung diseases under medical imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4069391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T15:26:12Z","timestamp":1755098772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physics-Informed In-Silico Dynamic Computed Tomography of Human Lungs: Generation, Evaluation, and Refinement"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Sunder","family":"Neelakantan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f5ytq51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77840"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f5ytq51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Avazmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843 ; , College Station, TX 77840 ; , Houston, TX 77030"},{"name":"J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843 ; , College Station, TX 77840 ; , Houston, TX 77030"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Academic Institute , College Station, TX 77843 ; , College Station, TX 77840 ; , Houston, TX 77030"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f5ytq51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025083003493670000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00130-2","article-title":"Spatial Heterogeneity of the Volume Effect for Radiation Pneumonitis in Mouse Lung","volume":"38","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083003493670000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-4296(03)00034-1","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Lung Injury","volume":"13","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083003493670000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01089.2007","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury After Surfactant Depletion","volume":"104","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083003493670000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-017-0138-1","article-title":"The Role of High Airway Pressure and Dynamic Strain on Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury in a Heterogeneous Acute Lung Injury Model","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083003493670000_bib5","first-page":"040801","article-title":"Assessment of Heterogeneity in Lung Structure and Function During Mechanical Ventilation: A Review of Methodologies","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASME J. Eng. Sci. Med. Diagn. Ther."},{"issue":"191","key":"2025083003493670000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220062","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0062","article-title":"Computational Lung Modelling in Respiratory Medicine","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib7","first-page":"124661R","article-title":"Volumetric Versus Distortional Deformation in Rat Lungs","volume":"12466","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib8","first-page":"1536","article-title":"Novel Mechanical Strain Characterization of Ventilated Ex Vivo Porcine and Murine Lung Using Digital Image Correlation","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2025083003493670000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15466","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15466","article-title":"Associating Local Strains to Global Pressure\u2013Volume Mouse Lung Mechanics Using Digital Image Correlation","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025083003493670000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2265603","article-title":"Deformable Medical Image Registration: A Survey","volume":"32","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.09.018","article-title":"Numerical Identification Method for the Non-Linear Viscoelastic Compressible Behavior of Soft Tissue Using Uniaxial Tensile Tests and Image Registration\u2014Application to Rat Lung Parenchyma","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025083003493670000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2483744","article-title":"Improving the Accuracy of Registration-Based Biomechanical Analysis: A Finite Element Approach to Lung Regional Strain Quantification","volume":"35","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083003493670000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14065","article-title":"Lungregnet: An Unsupervised Deformable Image Registration Method for 4D-CT Lung","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib14","first-page":"273","article-title":"An Image Registration Framework to Estimate 3D Myocardial Strains From Cine Cardiac MRI in Mice","volume-title":"11th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025083003493670000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/42.796284","article-title":"Nonrigid Registration Using Free-Form Deformations: Application to Breast MR Images","volume":"18","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025083003493670000_bib16","first-page":"25","article-title":"Reconstructing a 3D Structure From Serial Histological Sections","volume":"19","year":"2001","journal-title":"Image Vision Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083003493670000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.040","article-title":"Diffeomorphic Demons: Efficient Non-Parametric Image Registration","volume":"45","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025083003493670000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2205-0140.2012.tb00226.x","article-title":"Creating Thoracic Phantoms for Diagnostic and Procedural Ultrasound Training","volume":"15","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025083003493670000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.008","article-title":"A Lung Phantom Model to Study Pulmonary Edema Using Lung Ultrasound Surface Wave Elastography","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025083003493670000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07NT02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab7508","article-title":"Anthropomorphic Phantom for Deformable Lung and Liver CT and MR Imaging for Radiotherapy","volume":"65","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib21","first-page":"187","article-title":"Calibration, Validation and Ranking","volume-title":"Finite Element Analysis","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025083003493670000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/7\/001","article-title":"A Framework for Evaluation of Deformable Image Registration Spatial Accuracy Using Large Landmark Point Sets","volume":"54","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physics-Informed Motion Registration of Lung Parenchyma Across Static CT Images","volume-title":"EMBC","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib24","first-page":"1292829","article-title":"In-Silico CT Lung Phantom Generated From Finite-Element Mesh","volume":"12928","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2025083003493670000_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of Image Reconstruction on Microwave Tomography Using Filtered Back Projection","volume-title":"ICT","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083003493670000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00360.x","article-title":"Lung Parenchymal Mechanics","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/147\/10\/101008\/7528883\/bio-25-1074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/147\/10\/101008\/7528883\/bio-25-1074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1756540187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/147\/10\/101008\/1220895\/Physics-Informed-In-Silico-Dynamic-Computed"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4069391","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"article-number":"101008"}}