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The endothelial gap size was found to strongly influence LDL transport efficiency: a 32.24\u2009nm gap permitted approximately 1.2 times more LDL particles to cross than a 28.69\u2009nm endothelial leakiness. Moreover, higher LDL concentrations significantly promoted transendothelial movement, with tenfold elevations in LDL levels increasing transport by about 1.6 times compared to baseline. Finally, elevated blood pressure more than doubled the number of LDL particles crossing the endothelium relative to normal pressure. These findings underscore the critical roles of endothelial integrity, lipid homeostasis, and blood pressure in the progression of atherosclerosis. Larger gaps, excessive LDL levels, and hypertension all contribute to heightened LDL infiltration, potentially accelerating plaque development. By elucidating these mechanisms at the mesoscopic scale, this research provides valuable insights into the interplay between endothelial permeability and cardiovascular risk factors. The results highlight the importance of strategies aimed at maintaining healthy lipid levels, preserving endothelial function, and controlling blood pressure to mitigate atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4071212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:59:01Z","timestamp":1772121541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mesoscopic Insights Into Low-Density Lipoprotein Transport: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Zhenmin","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology , Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jabhf80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology , Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology , Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology , Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031112143838800_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to Atherosclerosis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoparticles in the Management of Atherosclerosis: A Machine-Generated Literature Overview"},{"issue":"7347","key":"2026031112143838800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10146","article-title":"Progress and Challenges in Translating the Biology of Atherosclerosis","volume":"473","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031112143838800_bib3","first-page":"927","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Process, Indicators, Risk Factors and New Hopes","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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