{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:52:04Z","timestamp":1788821524957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clavicle fractures are among the most common orthopedic injuries and frequently require plate fixation to restore anatomical alignment and mechanical stability. The biomechanical performance of fixation constructs is strongly influenced by the contact interactions between the plate, bone, and screws. This study investigated the effect of four contact formulations (bonded, no-separation, frictionless, and frictional) on the structural stiffness, stress distribution, and interfragmentary strain of clavicle fixation plates using finite element analysis. A three-dimensional (3D) clavicle model reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) data was subjected to 200\u2009N inferior bending, 200\u2009N axial compression, and 4 N\u00b7m torsional loading. The bonded model exhibited the highest structural stiffness under all loading conditions (+66% bending, +60% compression, and +38% torsion relative to the intact model), but also generated high stress concentrations, reaching 620.3\u2009MPa under bending. The frictional and frictionless models produced lower stiffness values (+64% bending, +16% compression, and +28% torsion), while the no-separation model demonstrated intermediate stiffness. Peak plate stress varied considerably among contact formulations, with the no-separation model producing the highest value under bending (655.3\u2009MPa). Interfragmentary strain was lowest in the bonded model (&amp;lt;2%), whereas frictional and frictionless models generated higher strain levels (2\u201310%), corresponding to mechanical conditions associated with secondary healing. The no-separation model exhibited intermediate strain values. These findings demonstrate that contact conditions strongly influence the biomechanical behavior of clavicle fixation constructs. Incorporating physiologically realistic contact models may improve finite element predictions and support the optimization of fixation strategies and implant design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4072325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:51:59Z","timestamp":1784044319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating Contact Models in Clavicle Fixation Plates: A Finite Element Study of Their Impact on Biomechanical Performance"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6872-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderrazak","family":"Kedadria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical System Design Laboratory , Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Boite Postale 17, Commune de Bordj El Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Gilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vmnye06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Royal Military Academy Department of Mechanics, , Avenue de la Renaissance 30, Brussels 1000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Rabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vmnye06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Royal Military Academy Department of Mechanics, , Avenue de la Renaissance 30, Brussels 1000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073105345629600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52238-8_2","article-title":"Biomechanics of the Clavicle","volume-title":"Clavicle Injuries: A Case-Based Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073105345629600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.01.018","article-title":"Plating Versus Intramedullary Pin or Conservative Treatment for Midshaft Fracture of Clavicle: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073105345629600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00034","article-title":"Fractures of the Clavicle","volume":"91","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073105345629600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(99)00312-5","article-title":"The Aetiology and Epidemiology of Clavicular Fractures: A Prospective Study During a Two-Year Period in Uppsala, Sweden","volume":"31","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073105345629600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13310","article-title":"Comparison of the Effectiveness of Simple Plate Fixation and Plate Combined With Local Fixation of Broken Ends in the Treatment of Oblique Fracture of Midshaft Clavicle","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073105345629600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-019-01122-4","article-title":"Clavicle Fractures in Adults; Current Concepts","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Intramedullary Echidna Pin for Fixation of Comminuted Clavicle Fractures: A Biomechanical Study","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026073105345629600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00307","article-title":"Open Reduction and Plate Fixation Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"95","year":"2013","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"51","key":"2026073105345629600_bib9","first-page":"e36711","article-title":"Single-Plate Versus Double-Plate Comparison in the Surgical Treatment of Comminuted Clavicle Fractures: Is the Secondary Plate Reliable?","volume":"102","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (U.S.)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073105345629600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.06.021","article-title":"Conceptual Finite Element Study for Comparison Among Superior, Anterior, and Spiral Clavicle Plate Fixations for Midshaft Clavicle Fracture","volume":"38","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073105345629600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.06.034","article-title":"Biomechanical Comparison of Three Different Plate Configurations for Comminuted Clavicle Midshaft Fracture Fixation","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073105345629600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25178","article-title":"Thin Patient-Specific Clavicle Fracture Fixation Plates Can Mechanically Outperform Commercial Plates: An In-Silico Approach","volume":"40","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.\u00ae"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073105345629600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12204-021-2291-7","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Personalised 3D-Printed Clavicle Plates of Different Materials to Treat Midshaft Clavicle Fractures","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073105345629600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05449-5","article-title":"Comparison of the Use of Biocompatible Materials and Titanium in the Treatment of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures With a Patient-Specific Plate: A Finite Element Analysis Study","volume":"144","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073105345629600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.01.040","article-title":"Construct Failure After Open Reduction and Plate Fixation of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures","volume":"48","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2026073105345629600_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Numerical Design and Analysis of Customized Fixation Plate for Treating Middle One-Third Clavicle Fracture","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.11.016","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Customized Reconstruction Plates for Mandibular Continuity Defect Therapy","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073105345629600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-019-00025-1","article-title":"Design and Analysis of Customized Fixation Plate for Femoral Shaft","volume":"54","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073105345629600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080884","article-title":"Metallic Biomaterials: Current Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4070406","article-title":"Flexure-Based Locking Plates Can Modulate Interfragmentary Motion in Distal Femur and Diaphyseal Fractures: A Parametric Finite Element Analysis","volume":"148","year":"2026","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073105345629600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.3390\/app14062259","article-title":"A Review of the Impacts of Implant Stiffness on Fracture Healing","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib22","first-page":"7","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis Comparison Between Superior Clavicle Locking Plate With and Without Screw Holes Above Fracture Zone in Midshaft Clavicular Fracture","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073105345629600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-021-00635-x","article-title":"Advantage of Multi-Directional Stability of Spiral Clavicle Plate in Treatment of Middle One-Third Clavicle Fracture: A Finite Element Study","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"2026073105345629600_bib24","first-page":"564","article-title":"Clavicle Fractures (Segment 15)","volume-title":"Clinical Epidemiology of Orthopedic Trauma","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026073105345629600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.10.001","article-title":"Metallic Implant Biomaterials","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073105345629600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3390\/met12111940","article-title":"A Review of Biomaterials Based on High-Entropy Alloys","volume":"12","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"2026073105345629600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(00)80028-5","article-title":"Force Transfer Between the Plate and the Bone: Relative Importance of the Bending Stiffness of the Screws and the Friction Between Plate and Bone","volume":"31","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073105345629600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90014-3","article-title":"Fatigue Failure of Cortical Bone Screws","volume":"16","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073105345629600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.06.004","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Locking Plate and Two Types of Intramedullary Nails for Treating Mid-Shaft Clavicle Fractures","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073105345629600_bib30","article-title":"Evolution of the Internal Fixation of Long Bone Fractures: The Scientific Basis of Biological Internal Fixation: Choosing a New Balance Between Stability and Biology","volume":"84","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib31","first-page":"3","article-title":"A 2003 Update of Bone Physiology and Wolff's Law for Clinicians","volume":"74","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026073105345629600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214600","article-title":"Stress Shielding and Bone Resorption of Press-Fit Polyether\u2013Ether\u2013Ketone (PEEK) Hip Prosthesis: A Sawbone Model Study","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073105345629600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119221108540","article-title":"Experimental Testing of Fracture Fixation Plates: A Review","volume":"236","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073105345629600_bib34","first-page":"148","article-title":"Biomechanical Evaluation of Fixation of Clavicular Fractures","volume":"11","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. South. Orthop. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-3-28","article-title":"A Biomechanical Study of Plate Versus Intramedullary Devices for Midshaft Clavicle Fixation","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073105345629600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181d8893a","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Fixation of Middle Third Fractures of the Clavicle","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073105345629600_bib37","first-page":"112","article-title":"Osteosynthesis of the Clavicle After Osteotomy in Brachial Plexus Surgery: A Biomechanical Cadaver Study","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicina (B. Aires)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073105345629600_bib38","first-page":"E226","article-title":"A Biomechanical Comparison of Superior and Anterior Positioning of Precontoured Plates for Midshaft Clavicle Fractures","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop. (Belle Mead, NJ)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073105345629600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-024-03571-4","article-title":"Probabilistic Finite Element Analysis of Human Rib Biomechanics: A Framework for Improved Generalizability","volume":"54","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/148\/9\/091006\/7625692\/bio-26-1047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/148\/9\/091006\/7625692\/bio-26-1047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:35:09Z","timestamp":1785490509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/148\/9\/091006\/1234226\/Investigating-Contact-Models-in-Clavicle-Fixation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4072325","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"article-number":"091006"}}