{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:10:52Z","timestamp":1792789852459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR085732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR085732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With patient dissatisfaction rates in total knee arthroplasty currently at 20%, smart knee technology seeks to provide an in vivo method for tracking postoperative joint forces, which could aid in early diagnosis of postoperative complications and provide key data to help improve implant designs and surgical procedures. This study investigates the design, simulation, and experimental evaluation of a piezoelectric force sensing system integrated into a commercially available knee implant that preserves the overall implant geometry. Finite element simulation and parametric analysis are used to identify the transducer arrangement with the lowest error in sensing compartmental joint contact forces. A prototype is then subjected to an axial load profile simulating walking using a joint motion simulator. Total and compartmental contact forces are evaluated, and accuracy of compartmental center of pressure localization is evaluated via\u2009\u00b13\u2009mm and\u2009\u00b16\u2009mm anterior\u2013posterior translations. Results show the ability to track the axial force profile and demonstrate center of pressure deviations of \u223c1\u2009mm or better at 3-A and 3-P translations and \u223c3\u20134\u2009mm at 6-A and 6-P translations. Error of the order of \u223c15% is observed in the total force measurement at maximum load. Suspected sources of error include plastic deformation of the tibial bearing insert and high stress levels in the piezoelectric transducers that suggest partial depolarization. Overall, our piezoelectric smart knee replacement shows promise for in vivo joint sensing, and this work marks a path for further development for integration into commercial knee replacement components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4072435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T10:23:03Z","timestamp":1785579783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and Evaluation of an Integrated Piezoelectric Force Sensing Total Knee Replacement"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Brandon D.","family":"Hines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05drmrq39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Tennessee Technological University Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, , 115 West 10th Street , Cookeville, TN 38505"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Willing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02grkyz14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Western Ontario Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, , 1151 Richmond Street , London, ON N6A 3K7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05drmrq39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Tennessee Technological University Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, , 115 West 10th Street , Cookeville, TN 38505"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2026081911195385100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01141","article-title":"Prevalence of Total Hip and Knee Replacement in the United States","volume":"97","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081911195385100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170990","article-title":"Rates of Total Joint Replacement in the United States: Future Projections to 2020\u20132040 Using the National Inpatient Sample","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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